Imithelela yezidakamizwa zamakhowe ebuchosheni
Imithelela yezidakamizwa zamakhowe ebuchosheni
Ama-hallucinations. Izithombe ezicacile. Imisindo eshubile. Ukuzazi okukhulu.
Leyo yimiphumela ephawulekayo ehlotshaniswa nezidakamizwa ezine ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Amakhowe e-Ayahuasca, DMT, MDMA, kanye ne-psilocybin angakwazi ukuthatha abasebenzisi uhambo olugoba ingqondo olungavula izinzwa zabo futhi lujulise ukuxhumana kwabo nezwe lemimoya. Akuwona wonke uhambo oludalwa ngokulingana, nakuba - uma uphuza i-ayahuasca, ukuphakama kwakho kungathatha amahora ambalwa. Kodwa uma usebenzisa i-DMT, leyo buzz izohlala ngaphansi kwamaminithi angu-20.
Noma kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ubude bokuphakama, ama-classic psychedelics anamandla. Ucwaningo lwe-brain imaging lubonise ukuthi yomine imithi inemiphumela ejulile emsebenzini we-neural. Ukusebenza kobuchopho kubambezelekile ngenkathi ungaphansi kwethonya, okusho ukuthi ukwazi kangcono ukuzwela. Futhi amanethiwekhi asebuchosheni bakho axhumeke kakhulu, okuvumela isimo esiphakeme sokuqaphela kanye nokuzihlola.
Lezi zinzuzo ezingokwengqondo zenze abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi ama-psychedelics angaba yimithi yokwelapha esebenzayo. Eqinisweni, ucwaningo oluningi selutholile ukuthi yomine le mithi, ngandlela thize, inamandla okwelapha ukudangala, ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka kwangemva kokuhlukumezeka, ukulutheka, nezinye izimo zempilo yengqondo. Ngokuvula ingqondo, i-theory iya, abantu abangaphansi kwethonya le-psychedelics bangabhekana nezikhathi zabo ezibuhlungu noma ukuziphatha okulimazayo ngaphandle kwamahloni noma ukwesaba. Ababi ndikindiki ngokomzwelo; kunalokho, banenhloso eyengeziwe.
Yiqiniso, lezi zinto azinayo imiphumela yazo emibi. Kodwa ucwaningo lwamanje okungenani luphakamisa ukuthi i-ayahuasca, i-DMT, i-MDMA, namakhowe e-psilocybin anamandla okushintsha indlela odokotela abangaphatha ngayo ukugula kwengqondo - ikakhulukazi kulabo abangazweli ekwelashweni. Kudingeka izifundo ezijulile ukuze kuqondwe imiphumela yazo ngqo ebuchosheni bomuntu, kodwa esikwaziyo manje kuyathembisa okungenani. Lapha, bheka ukuthi umuthi ngamunye uwuthinta kanjani ubuchopho bakho - nokuthi usetshenziswa kanjani ukuze kuzuze thina.
Ayahuasca
I-Ayahuasca itiye lasendulo elisekelwe esitshalweni elisuselwa ekuhlanganiseni komvini I-Banisteriopsis caapi namaqabunga esitshalo I-Psychotria I-Viridis. AmaShaman ase-Amazon kudala esebenzisa i-ayahuasca ukwelapha ukugula nokungena emhlabeni kamoya. Amanye amaqembu enkolo eBrazil adla isiphuzo se-hallucinogenic njengesakramente lenkolo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abantu abavamile sebeqalile ukusebenzisa i-ayahuasca ukuze bazi kabanzi.
Lokho kungenxa yokuthi ukuskena kobuchopho kubonise ukuthi i-ayahuasca inyusa umsebenzi we-neural ku-visual cortex yobuchopho, kanye nesistimu yayo ye-limbic - isifunda esingaphakathi kwe-lobe yesikhashana emaphakathi enesibopho sokucubungula izinkumbulo nomuzwa. I-Ayahuasca ingakwazi futhi ukuthulisa inethiwekhi yemodi yokuzenzakalelayo yobuchopho, okuthi, uma isebenza ngokweqile, ibangele ukudangala, ukukhathazeka kanye nokwesaba komphakathi, ngokwevidiyo ekhishwe ngonyaka odlule yisiteshi se-YouTube i-AsapSCIENCE. Abayidlayo bagcina sebesesimweni sokuzindla.
"I-Ayahuasca idala isimo sokuqaphela lapho abantu benolwazi olubalulekile lomuntu siqu," kusho uDkt. Jordi Riba, umcwaningi we-ayahuasca ohamba phambili. “Kuvamile ukuba nezinkumbulo ezigcwele imizwelo nezaziwa ngemvelaphi yazo ezifika esweni lengqondo ngendlela yemibono, azifani nalezo esibhekana nazo lapho silele.”
Ngokusho kuka-Riba, abantu abasebenzisa i-ayahuasca bahlangabezana nohambo olungase "luqine kakhulu" kuye ngokuthi umthamo osetshenzisiwe. Imiphumela yezengqondo ivela ngemuva kwemizuzu engaba ngu-45 futhi ifinyelele umvuthwandaba phakathi kwehora noma amabili; ngokomzimba, okubi kakhulu umuntu azokuzwa ukucanuzela kwenhliziyo nokuhlanza, kusho uRiba. Ngokungafani ne-LSD noma amakhowe e-psilocybin, abantu abaphezulu ku-ayahuasca bazi ngokugcwele ukuthi bayakhohlisa. Yilokhu kukhubeka kokuzenyeza okuholele ekutheni abantu basebenzise i-ayahuasca njengendlela yokunqoba ukulutheka futhi babhekane nezinkinga ezibuhlungu. U-Riba kanye neqembu lakhe lokucwaninga e-Hospital do Sant Pau e-Barcelona, eSpain, nabo baqale "izilingo zomtholampilo ezinzima" besebenzisa i-ayahuasca yokwelapha ukucindezeleka; kuze kube manje, umuthi osekelwe esitshalweni uboniswe ukunciphisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka ezigulini ezimelana nokwelashwa, futhi ukhiqize "umphumela wokucindezeleka kakhulu ogcinwa amasonto," kusho uRiba, oye wafunda lesi sidakamizwa ngokusekelwa yi-Beckley. Foundation, ithangi lokucabanga elizinze e-UK.
Ithimba lakhe njengamanje lifunda isigaba sangemuva kwe-acute semiphumela ye-ayahuasca - lokho abakubiza ngokuthi "ukukhanya kwangemuva." Kuze kube manje, bathole ukuthi, phakathi nalesi sikhathi “sokukhanya kwangemva kokukhanya”, izifunda zobuchopho ezihlotshaniswa nomuzwa wokwakho zinokuxhumana okuqinile kwezinye izindawo ezilawula izinkumbulo ze-autobiographic kanye nemizwelo. NgokukaRiba, kungalesi sikhathi lapho ingqondo ivuleleke kakhulu ekungeneleleni ngokwengqondo, ngakho ithimba labacwaningi lisebenzela ukufaka inombolo encane yamaseshini e-ayahuasca ekwelapheni kwengqondo.
"Lezi zinguquko zokusebenza zihambisana nekhono 'lokucabanga'," kusho uRiba. "Sikholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisana phakathi kokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-ayahuasca nokuqeqeshwa kwengqondo kuzothuthukisa izinga lokuphumelela lokungenelela kwengqondo."
I-DMT
I-Ayahuasca kanye ne-compound I-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine – noma i-DMT – ixhumene eduze. I-DMT ikhona emaqabunga esitshalo I-Psychotria I-Viridis futhi inesibophezelo kuma-hallucinations abasebenzisi ayahuasca nakho. I-DMT isondelene ngesakhiwo se-melatonin ne-serotonin futhi inezakhiwo ezifanayo nezinhlanganisela ze-psychedelic ezitholakala kumakhowe omlingo kanye ne-LSD.
Uma ithathwa ngomlomo, i-DMT ayinayo imiphumela yangempela emzimbeni ngoba ama-enzyme esisu aphula i-compound ngokushesha. Kodwa i I-Banisteriopsis caapi imivini esetshenziswa ku-ayahuasca ivimba lawo ma-enzyme, okubangela ukuthi i-DMT ingene egazini lakho futhi iye ebuchosheni bakho. I-DMT, njengezinye izidakamizwa zakudala ze-psychedelic, ithinta ama-serotonin receptors ebuchosheni, ucwaningo olubonisayo shintsha imizwa, umbono, kanye nomuzwa wobuqotho bomzimba. Ngamanye amazwi: usohambweni olulodwa lwesihogo.
Okuningi okwaziwayo nge-DMT sibonga uDkt. Rick Strassman, owaqala ukushicilela ucwaningo oluyisisekelo mayelana nomuthi wengqondo. emashumini amabili eminyaka edlule. Ngokuka-Strassman, i-DMT ingenye yezinhlanganisela kuphela ezingawela umgoqo wegazi-ubuchopho - udonga lwe-membrane oluhlukanisa igazi elijikelezayo ebuchosheni uketshezi oluphuma ngaphandle kweseli ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi. Ikhono le-DMT lokuwela lezi zigaba lisho ukuthi inhlanganisela "ibonakala iyingxenye edingekayo ye-physiology evamile yobuchopho," kusho u-Strassman, umbhali wezincwadi ezimbili ezibalulekile ezikhuluma nge-psychedelic, I-DMT: I-Molecule Yomoya futhi DMT kanye Nomphefumulo Wesiprofetho.
“Ingqondo iletha izinto kuphela emikhawulweni yayo isebenzisa amandla ukuze idlulise izinto phakathi kwesithiyo segazi nobuchopho ukuze ithole imisoco, engakwazi ukuzenzela yona ngokwayo—izinto ezifana noshukela noma ushukela,” eqhubeka. "I-DMT ihlukile ngaleyo ndlela, ngoba ubuchopho buchitha amandla ukuze bufinyelele ezindaweni zabo."
I-DMT empeleni yenzeka ngokwemvelo emzimbeni womuntu futhi ikhona ikakhulukazi emaphashini. U-Strassman uthi ingase itholakale ku-pineal gland - ingxenye encane yobuchopho ehlotshaniswa "neso lesithathu" lengqondo. Imithelela ye-DMT esebenza ngokweqile, uma idliwe nge-ayahuasca, ingahlala amahora. Kodwa kuthathwe ngokwakho - okungukuthi, ukubhema noma ukujova - futhi ukuphakama kwakho kuthatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela, ngokusho kukaStrassman.
Nakuba kufushane, uhambo olusuka ku-DMT lungaba lukhulu, ngaphezu kwamanye ama-psychedelics, u-Strassman uthi. Abasebenzisi ku-DMT babike okuhlangenwe nakho okufanayo nalokhu kwe-ayahuasca: Ukuzizwa okukhulu, izithombe ezicacile nemisindo, kanye nokuzihlola okujulile. Esikhathini esidlule, u-Strassman uphakamise ukuthi i-DMT isetshenziswe njengethuluzi lokwelapha ukwelapha ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, nezinye izimo zempilo yengqondo, kanye nokusiza ngokuzithuthukisa nokuthola. Kodwa izifundo ze-DMT empeleni ziyindlala, ngakho-ke kunzima ukwazi ubukhulu obugcwele bezinzuzo zayo zokwelapha.
"Alukho ucwaningo oluningi nge-DMT futhi kufanele lufundwe kabanzi," kusho uStrassman.
I-MDMA
Ngokungafani ne-DMT, i-MDMA ayiyona i-psychedelic eyenzeka ngokwemvelo. Isidakamizwa - ngenye indlela esibizwa ngokuthi i-molly noma i-ecstasy - ingxube yokwenziwa ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwama-raver kanye nezingane zekilabhu. Abantu bangakwazi ukufaka i-MDMA njengekhepsuli, ithebhulethi, noma iphilisi. Isidakamizwa (ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi i-ecstasy noma i-molly) siqala ukukhululwa kwama-neurotransmitters amathathu abalulekile: i-serotonin, i-dopamine, ne-norepinephrine. Umuthi wokwenziwa uphinde ukhuphule amazinga ehomoni i-oxytocin ne-prolactin, okuholela emuzweni wenjabulo nokungavinjwa. Umphumela obaluleke kakhulu we-MDMA ukukhululwa kwe-serotonin ngobuningi, eqeda amandla obuchopho - okungasho izinsuku zokudangala ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwayo.
Ukucabanga kobuchopho kuphinde kwabonisa ukuthi i-MDMA ibangela ukwehla komsebenzi ku-amygdala - isifunda sobuchopho esimise okwe-almond esibona izinsongo nokwesaba - kanye nokwanda kwe-prefrontal cortex, ebhekwa njengesikhungo sokucubungula esiphezulu sobuchopho. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo mayelana nezidakamizwa ze-psychedelic kanye nemiphumela kumanethiwekhi ahlukahlukene we-neural luphinde lwathola ukuthi i-MDMA ivumela ukuguquguquka okwengeziwe ekusebenzeni kobuchopho, okusho ukuthi abantu abakhubeka emuthini bangakwazi ukuhlunga imizwelo nokusabela ngaphandle "kokunamathela ezindleleni zakudala zokucubungula," ngokusho kombiko. UDkt. Michael Mithoefer, ofunde kabanzi i-MDMA.
“Abantu mancane amathuba okuba bagajwe ukukhathazeka futhi bakwazi kangcono ukucubungula isipiliyoni ... ngaphandle kokuba ndikindiki imizwelo,” usho kanje.
Ngonyaka odlule, i-US Food and Drug Administration yanikeza abacwaningi imvume yokuqhubekela phambili nezinhlelo zesivivinyo esikhulu somtholampilo ukuze bahlole imiphumela yokusebenzisa i-MDMA njengokwelashwa kwe-post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). U-Mithoefer wengamele ukulinga kwesigaba-sesibili - esekelwa i-Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), inhlangano engenzi nzuzo yaseMelika eyasungulwa maphakathi nawo-1980 - eyazisa isinqumo se-FDA. Phakathi nocwaningo, abantu abaphila ne-PTSD bakwazi ukubhekana nokuhlukunyezwa kwabo ngaphandle kokuhoxisa emizwelweni yabo ngenkathi bengaphansi kwethonya le-MDMA ngenxa yokuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwe-amygdala ne-prefrontal cortex. Njengoba uvivinyo lwesigaba sesibili lube nemiphumela eqinile, Kusho uMthoefer Itshe eligingqikayo ngoDisemba ukuthi ulindele ukuthi i-FDA igunyaze izinhlelo zesigaba sesithathu ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka.
Nakuba ucwaningo ngokusetshenziswa kwe-MDMA ekwelapheni kwe-PTSD luthembisa, u-Mithoefer uxwayisa ngokuthi umuthi akufanele usetshenziswe ngaphandle kwendawo yokwelapha, njengoba unyusa umfutho wegazi, izinga lokushisa lomzimba, nokushaya kwenhliziyo, futhi ubangela isicanucanu, ukungezwani kwemisipha, ukwanda kwesifiso sokudla, ukujuluka, ukugodola. , nokungaboni kahle. I-MDMA ingase futhi ibangele ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo, ukwehluleka kwezinso, nokushaya kwenhliziyo okungajwayelekile. Uma othile oku-MDMA engawaphuzi amanzi anele noma enesimo sempilo esicashile, imiphumela engemihle ingaba yingozi empilweni.
Amakhowe e-Psilocybin
Amakhowe kukhona elinye i-psychedelic enomlando omude wokusetshenziswa emikhosini yezempilo neyokwelapha, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseMpumalanga. Abantu abakhubeka 'kuma-shrooms bazothola imibono engekho ngaphansi kwehora lokudla, ngenxa yokwehlukana komzimba kwe-psilocybin, into eyenzeka ngokwemvelo yesithako se-psychedelic esitholakala ezinhlotsheni zamakhowe ezingaphezu kuka-200.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe e-Imperial College London, eyanyatheliswa ngo-2014, ithole ukuthi i-psilocybin, i-serotonin receptor, ibangela ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwezingxenye zobuchopho ezivame ukunqanyulwa komunye nomunye. Ososayensi ababuyekeza izikena zobuchopho ze-fMRI zabantu abadle i-psilocybin kanye nabantu abathathe i-placebo bathola ukuthi amakhowe omlingo aqala iphethini yokuxhumana ehlukile ebuchosheni ekhona kuphela esimweni se-hallucinogenic. Kulesi simo, ukusebenza kobuchopho kunokuvinjelwa okuncane kanye nokuxhumana okuningi; ngokusho kwabacwaningi abavela e-Imperial College London, lolu hlobo lomsebenzi wobuchopho owenziwe yi-psilocybin kufana nalokho okubonakala ngokuphupha kanye nokuba ngcono kwemizwa.
"Lokhu kuxhumana okunamandla kunesibopho sokudala isimo esihlukile sokuqaphela," kusho uDkt. Paul Expert, isazi semethodologist nesazi sefiziksi esasebenza ocwaningweni lwase-Imperial College London. "Izidakamizwa ze-Psychedelic ziyindlela enamandla kakhulu yokuqonda ukusebenza kobuchopho okuvamile."
Ucwaningo olusafufusa lungafakazela ukuthi amakhowe omlingo ayasebenza ekwelapheni ukudangala nezinye izimo zempilo yengqondo. Kufana ne-ayahuasca, ukuskena kobuchopho kubonisiwe ukuthi i-psilocybin ingacindezela umsebenzi kunethiwekhi yemodi yokuzenzakalelayo yobuchopho, futhi abantu abakhubeka 'ezindlini zokugeza baye babika ukuthi bahlangabezana "nezinga eliphakeme lenjabulo nokuba ngowezwe," ngokusho kukachwepheshe. Ukuze kufezeke lokho, a ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ngonyaka odlule kujenali yezokwelapha yase-UK I-Lancet bathole ukuthi umthamo omkhulu wamakhowe wehlisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka ezigulini ezimelana nokwelashwa.
Lolo cwaningo lwaphawula ukuthi i-psilocybin ingase yelaphe ukukhathazeka, ukulutheka, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuphoqelekile ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo eziphakamisa imizwa. Nolunye ucwaningo luthole lokho i-psilocybin inganciphisa impendulo yokwesaba kumagundane, okubonisa amandla omuthi njengokwelashwa kwe-PTSD.
Naphezu kwalokhu okutholakele okuhle, ucwaningo nge-psychedelics lulinganiselwe, futhi ludla amakhowe omlingo uyeza ngezingozi ezithile. Abantu abakhubeka ku-psilocybin bangathola i-paranoia noma ukulahlekelwa okuphelele kokuzazi, okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-ego dissolution, ngokusho kukachwepheshe. Ukusabela kwabo emuthini we-hallucinogenic nakho kuzoncika endaweni yabo engokomzimba nengokwengqondo. Amakhowe omlingo kufanele adliwe ngokuqapha ngoba umthelela omuhle noma omubi kumsebenzisi "ungaba ujulile (futhi ungalawuleki) futhi uhlale isikhathi eside," kusho uchwepheshe. "Asiyiqondi ngempela indlela ebangela umphumela wokuqonda we-psychedelics, ngakho-ke asikwazi ukulawula isipiliyoni se-psychedelic ngamaphesenti angu-100."
Ukulungiswa: Lesi sihloko sibuyekeziwe ukuze kucace lokho Umsebenzi kaDkt. Jordi Riba usekelwa i-Beckley Foundation, hhayi i-MAPS.
