Ndeapi Matanho EScientific Method

Ndeapi matanho enzira yesainzi

Vatsvakurudzi vanoongorora sei zviitiko zvepfungwa? Vanoshandisa nzira inozivikanwa senzira yesainzi yekudzidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvemafungiro nemaitiro evanhu. Maitiro aya haangobvumiri vesainzi kuti vaferefete uye vanzwisise zvakasiyana siyana zvepfungwa asiwo zvinopa vaongorori nevamwe nzira yekugovana nekukurukura zvakabuda muzvidzidzo zvavo.

Chii Chiri Nzira Yesainzi?

Chii chinonzi sainzi nzira uye rinoshandiswa sei mune zvepfungwa? Nzira yesainzi idanho-ne-nhanho nzira iyo vaongorori vanogona kutevedzera kuti vaone kana paine imwe mhando yehukama pakati pezviviri kana kupfuura.

Nyanzvi dzepfungwa uye mamwe masayendisiti ezvemagariro anogara achipa tsananguro dzemaitiro evanhu. Pane imwe nhanho isina kurongeka, vanhu vanotonga nezvezvinangwa, vavariro, uye zviito zvevamwe zuva nezuva.

Nepo mitongo yemazuva ese yatinoita pamusoro pemaitiro emunhu ari ega uye anecdotal, vaongorori vanoshandisa nzira yesainzi kudzidza psychology nenzira ine chinangwa uye yakarongeka. Mhedzisiro yezvidzidzo izvi inowanzotaurwa munhau dzakakurumbira, izvo zvinoita kuti vazhinji vashamisika kuti sei kana kuti nei vaongorori vakasvika pamhedziso dzavakaita.

Kuti unyatsonzwisisa kuti nyanzvi dzepfungwa nevamwe vaongorori vanosvika sei pamhedziso idzi, unofanirwa kuziva zvakawanda nezve maitirwo ekutsvaga ayo anoshandiswa kudzidza psychology nematanho ekutanga anoshandiswa pakuitisa chero mhando yetsvakiridzo yepfungwa. Nekuziva nhanho dzenzira yesainzi, unogona kunzwisisa zviri nani maitiro evanoongorora kuti vasvike pamhedziso nezve maitiro emunhu.

Zvikonzero Zvekushandisa Matanho eScientific Method

The zvinangwa zvezvidzidzo zvepfungwa kutsanangura, kutsanangura, kufanotaura uye pamwe kupesvedzera maitiro epfungwa kana maitiro. Kuti uite izvi, nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoshandisa nzira yesainzi kuita tsvakiridzo yepfungwa. Nzira yesainzi seti yemisimboti nemaitiro ayo anoshandiswa nevaongorori kugadzira mibvunzo, kuunganidza data, uye kusvika pamhedzisiro.

Ndezvipi zvinangwa zvekutsvagisa sainzi mune psychology? Vatsvakurudzi vanotsvaga kwete kungotsanangura maitiro uye kutsanangura kuti sei maitiro aya achiitika; vanoedzawo kugadzira tsvakurudzo inogona kushandiswa kufanotaura uye kunyange kuchinja maitiro evanhu.

Matemu Akakosha Kuziva

Usati watanga kuongorora nzira dzesainzi matanho, pane mamwe mazwi akakosha uye tsananguro dzaunofanira kuziva.

• Kufungidzira: Kufungidzira kwakadzidza nezvehukama hunogona kuitika pakati pemhando mbiri kana kupfuura.
• shanduka: Chinhu kana chinhu chinogona kushanduka nenzira dzinoonekwa uye dzinoyerika.  
• Tsanangudzo Yekushanda: Tsanangudzo izere yekuti zvinotsanangurwa sei zvakasiyana, kuti zvichashandiswa sei, uye kuti zvichayerwa sei.

Matanho eScientific Method

Nepo zvidzidzo zvekutsvagisa zvichigona kusiyana, aya ndiwo matanho akakosha anoshandiswa nenyanzvi dzepfungwa nesainzi pakuongorora maitiro evanhu.

Danho 1. Ita Ongororo

Mutsvakurudzi asati atanga, anofanira kusarudza musoro wekudzidza. Kana nzvimbo yekufarira yasarudzwa, vaongorori vanofanirwa kuita ongororo yakakwana yezvinyorwa zviripo pamusoro penyaya. Ongororo iyi ichapa ruzivo rwakakosha nezve izvo zvakatodzidzwa nezvemusoro wenyaya uye mibvunzo ipi yasara kupindurwa.

Ongororo yemabhuku inogona kusanganisira kutarisa huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa kubva mumabhuku ese uye majenari ezvidzidzo ane makumi emakore kumashure. Ruzivo rwakakodzera rwakaunganidzwa nemuongorori ruchaunzwa muchikamu chesumo chekupedzisira kuburitswa kwemhedzisiro yeongororo. Ichi chinyorwa chemashure chichabatsirawo muongorori nedanho guru rekutanga mukuita chidzidzo chepfungwa - kugadzira fungidziro.

Danho 2. Bvunza Mubvunzo

Kana muongorori angoona chimwe chinhu uye akawana rumwe ruzivo rwemusoro wenyaya, nhanho inotevera ndeyekubvunza mubvunzo. Muongorori achagadzira fungidziro, inova fungidziro yakadzidza nezvehukama pakati pezviviri kana kupfuura

Semuenzaniso, muongorori anogona kubvunza mubvunzo nezve hukama pakati pekurara uye kuita zvedzidzo. Vadzidzi vanorara zvakanyanya vanoita zviri nani pabvunzo kuchikoro here?

Kuti ugadzire fungidziro yakanaka, zvakakosha kuti ufunge nezvemibvunzo yakasiyana yaungave nayo pamusoro peimwe nyaya. Iwe unofanirwawo kufunga kuti ungaferefeta sei zvikonzero. Falsifiability chikamu chakakosha chechero fungidziro inoshanda. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana fungidziro yaive yenhema, panofanirwa kuve nenzira yekuti masayendisiti aratidze kuti inhema.

Nhanho 3. Edza Hypothesis Yako uye Unganidza Dhata

Kana uchinge uine fungidziro yakasimba, danho rinotevera renzira yesainzi ndeyekuisa iyi hunch pabvunzo nekuunganidza data. Nzira chaidzo dzinoshandiswa kuferefeta fungidziro inotsamira pane chaizvo zviri kudzidzwa. Pane nzira mbiri dzekutanga dzekutsvagisa dzinogona kushandiswa nenyanzvi yepfungwa - tsvakiridzo inotsanangura kana tsvakiridzo yekuyedza.

Kutsvaga kunotsanangurwa rinowanzo shandiswa pazvinenge zvakaoma kana kusatombo kwanisa kushandura mavhezheni ari mubvunzo. Mienzaniso yetsvakiridzo inotsanangura inosanganisira nyaya dzezvidzidzo, naturalistic observation, uye zvidzidzo zvekubatana. Ongororo dzefoni dzinowanzo shandiswa nevashambadziri mumwe muenzaniso wekutsanangura tsvakiridzo.

Correlational zvidzidzo zvakajairika mukutsvaga psychology. Kunyange zvazvo vasingabvumiri vatsvakurudzi kuti vaone chikonzero-uye-migumisiro, vanoita kuti zvikwanisike kuona hukama pakati pezvakasiyana zvakasiyana uye kuyera simba rehukama ihwohwo. 

Ongororo yekuongorora rinoshandiswa kuongorora chikonzero-ne-effect hukama pakati pemhando mbiri kana kupfuura. Iyi mhando yetsvagiridzo inosanganisira kurongeka zvine hungwaru yakazvimirira inoshanduka uyezve kuyera mhedzisiro yazvinoita pane yakatsanangurwa zvinotsamira pakusiyana. Imwe yemabhenefiti makuru eiyi nzira ndeyokuti inobvumira vaongorori kuti vaone kana shanduko mune imwe shanduko inokonzera shanduko mune imwe.

apo psychology experiments kazhinji dzakaoma kunzwisisa, a simple experiment ndeyechokwadi asi inobvumira vaongorori kuti vaone chikonzero-uye-mhedzisiro hukama pakati pezvinosiyana. Zvakawanda zviedzo zviri nyore zvinoshandisa a kudzora boka (avo vasingagamuchire kurapwa) uye a boka rekuedza (avo vanogamuchira kurapwa).

Danho 4. Ongorora Mibairo uye Dhirowa Mhedziso

Kana muongorori achinge agadzira chidzidzo uye akaunganidza data, inguva yekuongorora ruzivo urwu uye kutora mhedziso nezve izvo zvakawanikwa. Kushandisa nhamba, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kupfupisa data, kuongorora zvabuda, uye kutora mhedziso zvichienderana nehumbowo uhu.

Saka muongorori anosarudza sei zvinorehwa nechidzidzo? Kwete chete inogona kutsigira kuongororwa kwenhamba (kana kuramba) pfungwa yemuongorori; inogonawo kushandiswa kuona kana zvakawanikwa zvichikosha.

Kana zvabuda zvichinzi zvine huwandu hwakakosha, zvinoreva kuti hazvigoneke kuti izvi zvabuda zvakakonzerwa nemukana.

Kubva pane zvakaonekwa izvi, vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kubva vaona kuti migumisiro inorevei. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuyedza kunotsigira fungidziro, asi mune dzimwe nguva, inotadza kutsigira iyo hypothesis.

Saka chii chinoitika kana mhedzisiro yekuedzwa kwepfungwa isingatsigire pfungwa yemuongorori? Izvi zvinoreva here kuti kudzidza kwacho kwakanga kusingabatsiri? Nekuda kwekuti zvakawanikwa zvinotadza kutsigira fungidziro hazvireve kuti tsvakiridzo haina basa kana ruzivo. Muchokwadi, tsvagiridzo yakadai inoita basa rakakosha mukubatsira masayendisiti kugadzira mibvunzo mitsva uye fungidziro dzekuongorora mune ramangwana.

Mushure mekunge mhedziso dzaitwa, danho rinotevera nderekugovera zvawanikwa nevamwe vesaenzi nharaunda. Ichi chikamu chakakosha chegadziriro nekuti inobatsira kune hwaro hweruzivo rwese uye inogona kubatsira mamwe masayendisiti kuwana nzira nyowani dzekutsvagisa dzekuongorora.

Danho 5. Taura Zvabuda

Nhanho yekupedzisira muchidzidzo che psychology ndeyekutaura zvakawanikwa. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa nekunyora tsananguro yechidzidzo nekutsikisa chinyorwa mujenari rezvidzidzo kana rehunyanzvi. Mhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvepfungwa inogona kuonekwa mumagazini anoongororwa nevezera se Psychological Bulletin, ivo Chinyorwa cheSocial Psychology, Developmental Psychology, nevamwe vakawanda.

Mamiriro echinyorwa chejenari anotevera chimiro chakatsanangurwa ne American Psychological Sangano (APA). Muzvinyorwa izvi, vatsvakurudzi:

• Ipa nhoroondo pfupi uye nhoroondo yetsvakiridzo yapfuura
• Ipa hypothesis yavo
• Ziva kuti ndiyani akapinda muchidzidzo uye masarudzwa
• Ipa tsanangudzo dzekushanda kune imwe neimwe yakasiyana
• Rondedzera matanho uye maitiro akashandiswa kuunganidza data
• Tsanangura kuti mashoko akaunganidzwa akaongororwa sei
• Kurukurai kuti zvabuda zvinorevei

Sei chinyorwa chakadzama kudaro chekudzidza kwepfungwa kuchikosha? Nekutsanangura zvakajeka matanho uye maitiro anoshandiswa mukati mekudzidza, vamwe vaongorori vanogona ipapo dzokorora zvabuda. Maitiro ekupepeta anoshandiswa nemapepanhau ezvidzidzo uye ehunyanzvi anovimbisa kuti chinyorwa chega chega chinotumirwa chinoongororwa nevezera, izvo zvinobatsira kuve nechokwadi chekuti chidzidzo chine hudzamu hwesainzi.

Kana yaburitswa, chidzidzo chinova chimwe chidimbu chepikicha iripo yehwaro hweruzivo rwedu pane iyo nyaya.