Ngawaphi amanyathelo endlela yenzululwazi

Abaphandi baziphanda njani iziganeko zengqondo? Basebenzisa inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yindlela yenzululwazi yokufunda imiba eyahlukeneyo yendlela abantu abacinga ngayo kunye nokuziphatha ngayo. Le nkqubo ayivumeli kuphela izazinzulu ukuba ziphande kwaye ziqonde iziganeko ezahlukeneyo zengqondo kodwa zinika abaphandi kunye nabanye indlela yokwabelana kunye nokuxoxa ngeziphumo zezifundo zabo.

Iyintoni Indlela Yenzululwazi?

Yintoni inzululwazi indlela kwaye isetyenziswa njani kwipsychology? Indlela yezenzululwazi yinkqubo yesinyathelo-nge-nyathelo enokuthi abaphandi balandele ukufumanisa ukuba kukho uhlobo oluthile lobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu.

Iingcali zengqondo kunye nezinye izazinzulu zentlalo zihlala ziphakamisa iinkcazo ngokuziphatha komntu. Kwinqanaba elingekho sikweni, abantu benza izigwebo malunga neenjongo, izizathu, kunye nezenzo zabanye imihla ngemihla.

Ngelixa izigwebo zemihla ngemihla esizenzayo malunga nokuziphatha komntu zixhomekeke kwaye zine-anecdotal, abaphandi basebenzisa indlela yesayensi ukufunda ipsychology ngendlela enenjongo necwangcisiweyo. Iziphumo zolu phando zihlala zixelwa kumajelo eendaba adumileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela abaninzi ukuba bazibuze ukuba kutheni okanye kutheni abaphandi bafikelele kwizigqibo abazenzileyo.

Ukuze uqonde ngokwenene ukuba iingcali zengqondo kunye nabanye abaphandi bafikelela njani kwezi zigqibo, kufuneka wazi ngakumbi malunga nenkqubo yophando esetyenziselwa ukufunda i-psychology kunye namanyathelo asisiseko asetyenziswayo xa kuqhutywa naluphi na uhlobo lophando lwezengqondo. Ngokwazi amanyathelo endlela yesayensi, unokuqonda ngcono inkqubo eyenziwa ngabaphandi ukuze ufikelele kwizigqibo malunga nokuziphatha komntu.

Izizathu zokuSebenzisa aManyathelo eNdlela yeNzululwazi

The iinjongo zezifundo zengqondo kukuchaza, ukuchaza, ukuqikelela kwaye mhlawumbi kuphembelele iinkqubo zengqondo okanye indlela yokuziphatha. Ukwenza oku, iingcali zengqondo zisebenzisa indlela yenzululwazi ukwenza uphando lwezengqondo. Indlela yenzululwazi yiseti yemigaqo kunye neenkqubo ezisetyenziswa ngabaphandi ukuphuhlisa imibuzo, ukuqokelela idatha, kunye nokufikelela kwizigqibo.

Ziziphi iinjongo zophando lwezenzululwazi kwisayikholoji? Abaphandi abafuni nje ukuchaza indlela yokuziphatha kwaye bachaze ukuba kutheni ezi ziphatha zisenzeka; bakwazama ukwenza uphando olunokusetyenziswa ukuqikelela kwanokutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha komntu.

ImiGaqo engundoqo omawuyazi

Phambi kokuba uqalise ukuphonononga amanyathelo endlela yenzululwazi, kukho amagama abalulekileyo kunye neenkcazo omele ukuba uqhelane nazo.

Hypothesis: Uqikelelo olufundisiweyo malunga nobudlelwane obunokwenzeka phakathi kwezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu.
Eziguqukayo: Into enokutshintsha ngendlela enokubonwa nenokumetwa.
Ingcaciso yokuSebenza: Inkcazo epheleleyo yendlela kanye ezichazwa ngayo iinguqu, indlela eziya kusetyenziswa ngayo, kunye nendlela eziya kulinganiswa ngayo.

Amanyathelo eNdlela yeNzululwazi

Ngelixa izifundo zophando zinokwahluka, la ngamanyathelo asisiseko asetyenziswa ziingcali zengqondo kunye noososayensi xa bephanda ngokuziphatha komntu.

Inyathelo loku-1. Yenza uQwalaselo

Ngaphambi kokuba umphandi aqalise, kufuneka akhethe umxholo aza kuwufunda. Nje ukuba kukhethwe indawo enomdla, abaphandi kufuneka emva koko baqhube uphononongo olucokisekileyo lweencwadi ezikhoyo kulo mbandela. Olu phononongo luya kunika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga noko sele kufundiwe malunga nesihloko kunye nokuba yeyiphi imibuzo ekusafuneka iphendulwe.

Uphononongo loncwadi lungabandakanya ukujonga isixa esikhulu semathiriyeli ebhaliweyo evela kuzo zombini iincwadi kunye neejenali zemfundo ezisukela kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo. Ulwazi olufanelekileyo oluqokelelwe ngumphandi luya kuboniswa kwicandelo lentshayelelo yeziphumo zokugqibela ezipapashiweyo. Esi sixhobo singasemva siya kunceda umphandi ngenyathelo lokuqala eliphambili ekuqhubeni isifundo sesayikholoji - ukwenza i-hypothesis.

Inyathelo 2. Buza Umbuzo

Xa umphandi ethe waqaphela into ethile waza wafumana imvelaphi ethile ngesihloko, inyathelo elilandelayo kukubuza umbuzo. Umphandi uya kwenza i-hypothesis, eyingqikelelo efundisiweyo malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu

Ngokomzekelo, umphandi unokubuza umbuzo malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kokulala kunye nokusebenza kwezemfundo. Ngaba abafundi abafumana ubuthongo obuninzi benza ngcono kwiimvavanyo esikolweni?

Ukuze wenze i-hypothesis efanelekileyo, kubalulekile ukucinga ngemibuzo eyahlukeneyo onokuba nayo malunga nesihloko esithile. Kufuneka kwakhona ucinge ngendlela onokuphanda ngayo oonobangela. Ukunganyaniseki yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yayo nayiphi na ingqikelelo esebenzayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba i-hypothesis yayibubuxoki, kufuneka kubekho indlela yokuba izazinzulu zibonise ukuba bubuxoki.

Inyathelo 3. Vavanya i-hypothesis yakho kwaye uqokelele iDatha

Emva kokuba une-hypothesis eqinileyo, inyathelo elilandelayo lendlela yesayensi kukubeka le hunch kuvavanyo ngokuqokelela idatha. Iindlela ezichanekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuphanda i-hypothesis zixhomekeke ngqo kwinto efundwayo. Zimbini iindlela ezisisiseko zophando ezinokusetyenziswa ngugqirha wengqondo - uphando oluchazayo okanye uphando lovavanyo.

Inkcazo echazayo isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo xa kunokuba nzima okanye kungenzeki ukukhohlisa iinguqu ekuthethwa ngazo. Imizekelo yophando oluchazayo ibandakanya imizekelo yophando, ukuqwalaselwa kwendalo, kunye nezifundo zonxulumano. Uphando lwefowuni oluhlala lusetyenziswa ngabathengisi ngumzekelo omnye wophando oluchazayo.

Izifundo zonxulumano zixhaphake kakhulu kuphando lwezengqondo. Ngelixa bengavumeli abaphandi ukuba bagqibe unobangela-kunye-nesiphumo, benza ukuba kube lula ukubona ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nokulinganisa amandla obo budlelwane.

Uphando lovavanyo isetyenziselwa ukuphonononga ubudlelwane besizathu kunye nesiphumo phakathi kwezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. Olu hlobo lophando lubandakanya ukuguqula ngokucwangcisiweyo umahluko ozimeleyo kwaye emva koko ulinganise impembelelo enayo kwi-defined ukuxhomekeka okuguqukayo. Enye yeenzuzo ezinkulu zale ndlela kukuba ivumela abaphandi ukuba babone ukuba utshintsho oluthile lubangela utshintsho kwenye.

Nakuba imifuniselo yezengqondo zihlala zintsonkothile, a umfuniselo olula isisiseko ngokufanelekileyo kodwa ivumela abaphandi ukuba baqikelele unobangela-kunye-nesiphumo ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo. Uninzi lwezilingo ezilula zisebenzisa a iqela lokulawula (abo bangalufumaniyo unyango) kunye ne iqela lokulinga (abo balufumanayo unyango).

INyathelo 4. Phonononga iziphumo uze wenze izigqibo

Emva kokuba umphandi eyile isifundo kwaye aqokelele idatha, lixesha lokuphonononga olu lwazi kunye nokwenza izigqibo malunga noko kufunyenweyo. Ukusebenzisa izibalo, abaphandi banokushwankathela idatha, bahlalutye iziphumo, kwaye benze izigqibo ngokusekelwe kobu bungqina.

Ngoko umphandi ugqiba njani ukuba iziphumo zophando zithetha ntoni? Ayisiyiyo kuphela inkxaso yohlalutyo lwamanani (okanye ukuchasa) i-hypothesis yomphandi; ingasetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ukuba iziphumo zibalulekile ngokweenkcukacha-manani.

Xa kusithiwa iziphumo zibalulekile ngokwezibalo, oko kuthetha ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ezi ziphumo zibangelwe ngamabona-ndenzile.

Ngokusekwe kolu qwalaselo, abaphandi kufuneka emva koko bagqibe ukuba zithetha ntoni na iziphumo. Kwezinye iimeko, uvavanyo luya kuxhasa i-hypothesis, kodwa kwezinye iimeko, luya kusilela ukuxhasa i-hypothesis.

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwezengqondo aziyixhasi i-hypothesis yomphandi? Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba isifundo besingaxabisekanga? Kungenxa yokuba iziphumo zisilela ukuxhasa i-hypothesis ayithethi ukuba uphando aluloncedo okanye alulolwazi. Enyanisweni, uphando olunjalo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni izazinzulu ukuba ziphuhlise imibuzo emitsha kunye neengcamango zokuphonononga kwixesha elizayo.

Emva kokuba kwenziwe izigqibo, inyathelo elilandelayo kukwabelana ngeziphumo kunye noluntu lonke lwezenzululwazi. Le yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo kuba igalelo kwisiseko solwazi ngokubanzi kwaye inokunceda abanye oososayensi bafumane iindlela ezintsha zophando zokuhlola.

Inyathelo 5. Nika ingxelo ngeZiphumo

Inyathelo lokugqibela kwisifundo sesayikholoji kukunika ingxelo ngeziphumo. Oku kwenziwa rhoqo ngokubhala inkcazo yophononongo kunye nokupapasha inqaku kwijenali yezemfundo okanye yobungcali. Iziphumo zezifundo zengqondo zingabonwa kwiijenali eziphononongwa ngoontanga ezifana I-Psychological Bulletin, i Ijenali yeSayensi yezeNtlalo, UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi, nabanye abaninzi.

Ulwakhiwo lwenqaku lejenali lulandela ifomathi ethile echazwe yi I-American Psychological Association (APA). Kula manqaku, abaphandi:

Nika imbali emfutshane kunye nemvelaphi yophando lwangaphambili
Babonise i-hypothesis yabo
Chonga ukuba ngubani na othathe inxaxheba kuphononongo kunye nendlela abachongwe ngayo
Nika iinkcazo zokusebenza kuguquko ngalunye
Chaza amanyathelo kunye neenkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo ukuqokelela idatha
Cacisa ukuba ulwazi oluqokelelweyo lwahlalutywa njani
Xoxa ngokuba zithetha ntoni na iziphumo

Kutheni le nto ingxelo eneenkcukacha kangaka yophando lwezengqondo ibaluleke kangaka? Ngokuchaza ngokucacileyo amanyathelo kunye neenkqubo ezisetyenziswa kulo lonke uphononongo, abanye abaphandi banako ke phindaphinda Iziphumo. Inkqubo yokuhlela esetyenziswa ziijenali zemfundo kunye neengcali iqinisekisa ukuba inqaku ngalinye elingeniswayo livavanywa ngokucokisekileyo, nto leyo enceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba isifundo sichanile ngokwesayensi.

Sakuba sipapashiwe, isifundo siba lelinye iqhekeza lephazili ekhoyo yesiseko solwazi lwethu kweso sihloko.

Ngawaphi Amanyathelo eNdlela yeNzululwazi