Chiphunzitso cha nyani woponyedwa miyala chafotokozedwa

Stoned Ape theory anafotokoza

TAYEREKEZERANI HOMO ERECTUS, ZINTHU ZOMWE ZINACHITIKA TSOPANO ZIMENE ZIMAKHALA ZOYERA NDIPO ANAKHALA WOYAMBA MWA MAKOLO ATHU KUPYOYA KOntinenti Imodzi. ZAKA MILIYONI AWIRI ZAM'MBUYO YOTSATIRA, ANTHU AMENEWA, ENA AMENE ANAPITA KUKHALA. HOMO SAPIENS, ANAYAMBA KULIMBIKITSA NTCHITO YAWO KUPOSA AFRICA, AKUSIYA KU ASIA NDI ULAYA. M’NJIRAYI, ANALONDA NYAMA, ANAKUMANA NDI ndowe, NDIPO ANAPEZA ZOMERA ZATSOPANO.

Koma ndizo basi mtundu wa mbiri yathu yoyambira zimene zimachitika kuti asayansi ambiri amavomereza.

Kutanthauzira kowonjezereka kwa zochitikazi kumakhudzanso zinyama, ndowe, ndi zomera zomwezo komanso kumaphatikizapo mankhwala a psychedelic. Mu 1992, ethnobotanist ndi psychedelics advocate Terence McKenna anatsutsana m'bukuli. Chakudya cha Milungu kuti chomwe chinapangitsa Homo erectus kusinthika kukhala Homo sapiens chinali kukumana kwake bowa wamatsenga ndi psilocybin, gulu la psychedelic mkati mwawo, paulendo wachisinthiko. Izi adazitcha kuti Stoned Ape Hypothesis.

McKenna adanenanso kuti psilocybin idapangitsa kuti ubongo wakale wopangira zidziwitso ukonzekerenso mwachangu, zomwe zidayambitsanso mwachangu. kusinthika kwa chidziwitso Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale luso lazojambula, chinenero, ndiponso luso lazopangapanga lolembedwa m’mbiri yakale ya Homo sapiens. Monga anthu oyambirira, iye anati "tinkadya njira yathu yopita ku chidziwitso chapamwamba" mwa kudya bowawa, omwe, iye anaganiza kuti, anatuluka mu manyowa a nyama. Psilocybin, iye anati, anatitulutsa “m’maganizo a nyama ndi kutiloŵetsa m’dziko la kulankhula ndi malingaliro omveka bwino.”

Pamene kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kunayambitsa kuweta ng'ombe zakutchire, anthu anayamba kuthera nthawi yochuluka pafupi ndi ndowe za ng'ombe, McKenna anafotokoza. Ndipo, chifukwa bowa wa psilocybin nthawi zambiri amamera mu ndowe za ng'ombe, "kudalirana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bowa kunalimbikitsidwa ndikuzama. Panali panthaŵi imeneyi pamene miyambo yachipembedzo, kupanga makalendala, ndi matsenga achilengedwe zinayamba kukhala zawozawo.”

McKenna, amene anamwalira mu 2000, ankakhulupirira mwachidwi maganizo ake, koma asayansi sanaganizirepo mozama pa moyo wake. Wachotsedwa mongoyerekeza mopambanitsa, Lingaliro la McKenna tsopano limangotuluka nthawi ndi nthawi m'ma board a mauthenga pa intaneti ndi Masamba a Reddit odzipereka kwa psychedelics.

Komabe, nkhani mu April pa Psychedelic Science 2017, msonkhano wa asayansi wokhudza psychedelics wopezeka ndi ofufuza, akatswiri ochiritsa, ndi akatswiri ojambula omwe amakhulupirira kuti mankhwalawa amatha kuchiritsa, adalimbikitsanso chidwi cha chiphunzitsocho. Apo, Paul Stamets, D.Sc., katswiri wodziwika bwino wa psilocybin mycologist, anachirikiza chiphunzitso cha Stoned Ape Hypothesis m’nkhani yake yakuti, “Psilocybin Mushrooms and the Mycology of Consciousness.”

"Ndikupereka izi kwa inu chifukwa ndikufuna kubweretsanso lingaliro la Stoned Ape Hypothesis," adatero Stamets kwa khamulo. "Chofunika kwambiri kuti mumvetsetse ndichakuti ubongo wamunthu udawirikiza kawiri zaka 200,000 zapitazo. Kuchokera kumalingaliro achisinthiko, ndiko kukula kodabwitsa. Ndipo palibe chifukwa chofotokozera za kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi kumeneku kwa ubongo wa munthu.”

“Kuwirikiza” komwe amakambako kukutanthauza kukula kwadzidzidzi kwaubongo wamunthu, ndipo akulondola: Tsatanetsatane idakali yotsutsana. Akatswiri ena a chikhalidwe cha anthu amakhulupirira kuti kukula kwa ubongo wa Homo erectus kuwirikiza kawiri 2 miliyoni ndi zaka 700,000 zapitazo. Panthawiyi, akuti kuchuluka kwa ubongo mu Homo sapiens inakula kuwirikiza katatu pakati pa zaka 500,000 ndi 100,000 zapitazo.

Pofotokoza mfundo za chiphunzitso cha Stoned Ape chomwe McKenna ndi mchimwene wake Dennis anaumba, Stamets anajambula chithunzi cha anyani otsika m’matanthwe a ku Africa, akuyenda m’mapiri, ndipo anakumana ndi “bowa waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse wa psilocybin umene ukukula kwambiri kuchokera ku ndowe za zinyama.”

"Ndikukuwuzani kuti Dennis ndi Terence anali pomwepo," Stamets adalengeza pomwe akuvomereza kuti lingalirolo mwina linali losatsimikizika. "Ndikufuna kuti inu kapena wina aliyense amvetsere, kapena akuwona izi, ayimitse kusakhulupirira kwanu ...

Khamu la anthulo lidayamba kuwomba m’manja mwaukali.

Kodi ndi nthawi yoti mutenge mozama lingaliro la Stoned Ape? Kuchita izi kumafuna kuphatikizira kupita patsogolo kwathu pakufufuza kwasayansi pa psilocybin, zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa, komanso kumvetsetsa kwathu koyipa kwa chidziwitso cha anthu ndikuphatikiza izi pakumvetsetsa kwathu kwaposachedwa kwachisinthiko chamunthu. Titha kuyamba ndi ulusi wamba pakati pa malingaliro a McKenna pakukula kwa chidziwitso ndi zina, zodziwika bwino, malingaliro, kuphatikiza malingaliro ovomerezeka omwe adawonekera kwazaka masauzande ambiri komanso kuti. chinenero chinachita mbali yaikulu mu chisinthiko chake.

"Ndikuganiza kuti, monga china chilichonse, mwina pali chowonadi m'mawu ake [McKenna]," katswiri wodziwa zakale Martin Lockley, Ph.D., akuuza osiyanitsidwa. Lockley, wolemba buku lotchedwa Mmene Umunthu Unayambira, ali ndi vuto limodzi lalikulu ndi malingaliro a McKenna: Kukhulupirira chiphunzitso cha Stoned Ape, chomwe chimatsimikizira kuti makolo athu adakwera ndipo adazindikira, kumatanthauzanso kuvomereza kuti panali chifukwa chimodzi chokha cha kutuluka kwa chidziwitso. Asayansi ambiri, kuphatikizapo Lockley, amaganiza kuti zinali zowongoka kwambiri kuposa izo.

Kuzindikira, pambuyo pake, ndi chinthu chovuta kwambiri chomwe tikungoyamba kuchimvetsetsa. Anthropologists nthawi zambiri amavomereza kuti ndi a ntchito ya ubongo wa munthu kukhudzidwa ndi kulandira ndi kukonza zidziwitso zomwe zidakhalapo kwazaka zambiri zakusankhira zachilengedwe. A chikhalidwe cha chidziwitso Zimaphatikizapo kuzindikira za zochitika zosiyanasiyana: zomverera ndi momwe zimamverera, kaphatikizidwe ka mikhalidwe yachidziwitso, ndi njira zamaganizo, monga kulingalira ndi kukumbukira. Mu 2016, asayansi adazindikira kumene zonsezi zimakhala mu ubongo, kupeza mgwirizano wakuthupi pakati pa zigawo za ubongo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kudzutsidwa ndi kuzindikira.

Chiphunzitso cha McKenna chimatsimikizira zonse za zochitika zovutazi mpaka kumoto umodzi; kwa iye, bowa wa psilocybin anali "chothandizira chisinthiko" chomwe chinayambitsa kuzindikira polimbikitsa anthu oyambirira kuchita nawo zochitika monga kugonana, kugwirizana kwa anthu ammudzi, ndi uzimu. Asayansi ambiri angatsutse kuti kufotokoza kwa McKenna ndi mopambanitsa, ndipo mwina mosadziwa, mophweka.

Ndipo komabe, nawonso amapunthwa akafunsidwa kuti ayankhe funso lomwe lili pamitsuko ya mkangano wa Stoned Ape hypothesis ndi kafukufuku wa chidziwitso chonse: Kodi chidziwitso chinasintha bwanji? Ngati sanali bowa wa psychedelic amene anayamba ndondomekoyi, ndiye chiyani? Michael Graziano, Ph.D., pulofesa wa psychology ndi neuroscience pa yunivesite ya Princeton yemwe amaphunzira chidziwitso, anali asanamvepo za chiphunzitso cha Stoned Ape koma amavomereza kuti kusinthika kwa chidziwitso chaumunthu kumagwirizana mwanjira ina ndi mapangidwe a madera. M'malingaliro ake omwe, amatsutsa kuti ubongo umayenera kukulitsa luso lomvetsetsa zochitika zapagulu kuti zithandizire zosowa za anthu. Popeza zinali zopindulitsa kukhala wanzeru pazamagulu, iye akutero, m'pomveka kukhulupirira kuti chidziwitso chinakhalapo ngati njira yopulumukira.

"N'zotheka kuti chidziwitso chinatulukira pang'onopang'ono kuti chiwunikire, kumvetsa, ndi kulosera zolengedwa zina, ndiyeno tinkalowetsanso luso lomwelo, kudziyang'anira ndi kudzipanga tokha tokha," Graziano adauza Inverse. "Kapena zitha kukhala kuti chidziwitso chidatulukira kale kwambiri pomwe chidwi choyambira chidayamba kuonekera komanso kuti chikugwirizana ndi kuthekera koyang'ana zinthu zaubongo pazizindikiro zochepa. Izi zikanapangitsa kuti chisinthiko chikhale koyambirira kwambiri, mwina zaka theka la biliyoni zapitazo.”

Momwemonso, malingaliro a anthropologist Ian Tattersall, Ph.D., alibe chochita ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo koma kugawana kutsindika kwa Stoned Ape pa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mu pepala lake la 2004 "Kodi chinachitika n'chiyani pa chiyambi cha chidziwitso cha munthu?" Tattersall, wofufuza ku American Museum of Natural History, adanena kuti kudzidziwitsa - komanso kuzindikira - kunabadwa pamene munthu woyambirira adaphunzira kudziyesa yekha mosiyana ndi chilengedwe ndipo adakula kuti athe kuyesa ndi kufotokoza maganizo ake m'maganizo mwake. Chilankhulocho chinayamba posakhalitsa, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kuzindikira kwamakono kwaumunthu.

Kumene Tattersall amakhalabe wopunthwa - komanso pomwe lingaliro la McKenna limapereka kufotokozera - akuyesa kudziwa. pamene Kusintha kwakukulu kumeneko kunachitika.

“Kodi kuzindikira kwaumunthu kwamakono kunatulukira kuti?” Tattersall akulemba. "Pafupifupi ku Africa, monga momwe thupi la munthu lilili masiku ano. Pakuti ndi mu kontinenti ino pamene timapeza zoyamba za 'makhalidwe amakono' ...

McKenna atha kunena kuti bowa wokhala ndi psilocybin ndi omwe adayambitsa "nthawi yakusintha". Koma ngakhale akatswiri odziwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amaona kuti n’zokayikitsa kuti palibe chinthu chimodzi chimene chinachititsa kuti zinthu zisinthe kwambiri, ngakhale zinali zomveka kuganiza kuti anthu oyambirira ankadya bowa wamatsenga pamene ankadutsa mu Africa.

“Chisinthiko cha anthu ndi njira yocholoŵana kwambiri imene zinthu zingapo zakhala zikuthandiza,” anatero katswiri wofukula zinthu zakale Elisa Guerra-Doce, Ph.D. osiyanitsidwa. Kafukufuku wa Guerra-Doce pakugwiritsa ntchito zomera mankhwala mu nthawi mbiri isanayambe yafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mmene anthu oyambirira ankagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osintha maganizo miyambo ndi zolinga zauzimu. Koma ngakhale adakumana ndi zotsalira za opium poppy m'mano a zitsanzo za Neolithic, mbewu zakale za cannabis zowotchedwa, komanso zithunzi zowoneka bwino zakugwiritsa ntchito bowa wa hallucinogenic pamakoma aphanga ku mapiri a Alps a ku Italy, sali m'bwalo ndi Ape Woponyedwa. Zongopeka.

"Maganizo anga, malingaliro a McKenna ndi ophweka kwambiri ndipo alibe umboni weniweni wotsimikizira - ndiko kuti, umboni uliwonse wakumwa bowa wa hallucinogenic ndi Homo sapiens oyambirira," akutero, ponena kuti adapeza zina mwa mfundo zake zofunika. cholakwika. "Akuloza ku zojambula za ku Algeria za Tassili-n-Ajjer, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zithunzi za bowa, koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zojambulazi zidayamba ku Neolithic."

Ngati sayansi yomwe ili kumbuyo kwa malingaliro a McKenna ndi osakhazikika, kodi ili ndi phindu lanji pofufuza chiyambi cha chidziwitso chaumunthu?

Pa zabwino zake, lingaliro la Stoned Ape ndi, monga momwe Stamets adafotokozera, "lingaliro losatsimikizirika" lomwe likugwirizana ndi zina - koma osati pafupifupi zonse - za chidziwitso chomwe tili nacho chokhudza kusinthika kwa chidziwitso. Poipitsitsa kwambiri, ndiko kumveketsa mopambanitsa kwa zinthu zambiri zomwe mwina zidayambitsa kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira kwamakono kwaumunthu. Komabe, McKenna akuyenera kutamandidwa chifukwa choyambitsa lingaliro m'zaka za m'ma 1990 zomwe asayansi angotha ​​kutsimikizira posachedwa: Psilocybin imasintha chidziwitso ndipo imatha kuyambitsa kusintha kwa thupi muubongo.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, ofufuza zamankhwala apeza kuti psilocybin imapangitsa kuti "kuzindikira kosadziwika, ”kuyambitsa kuchulukitsidwa kochulukira muubongo wakale, dera lomwe limakhudzana ndi kukhudzidwa kwamalingaliro. Pa psilocybin, mbali za ubongo zolumikizidwa ndi malingaliro ndi kukumbukira kukhala ogwirizana, kupanga machitidwe a ubongo omwe amafanana ndi anthu omwe akugona ndi kulota. Nthawi yomweyo, dera lomwe limayang'anira kuganiza kwapamwamba komanso lolumikizidwa ndi kudzikonda limakhala lopanda dongosolo, ndichifukwa chake anthu ena omwe amatenga psilocybin amamva kutayika kwa "ego," zomwe zimawapangitsa kudzimva kukhala gawo ladziko lapansi. kuposa momwe amachitira matupi awo.

Mosasamala kanthu za mabowo omwe afotokozedwa mumalingaliro asayansi a McKenna, Amanda Feilding, woyambitsa, ndi director of ndi Beckley Foundation, katswiri wofufuza za psychedelic wotsogolera, akuti osiyanitsidwa kuti tiyenera kuwona zolakwika za McKenna ndikuganizira kuzindikira kwake kwakukulu: kuti nkhani ya anthu ndi yosasiyanitsidwa ndi chidwi chathu ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ngakhale munthu woyambirira atakumana ndi zinthu za psychoactive pafupi ndi nthawi ya Neolithic, akutero, zomwe zidachitika polowa m'malingaliro osinthika mwina zidasintha anthu kukhala abwino.

"Zithunzi zomwe zimabwera ndi chidziwitso cha psychedelic ndi mutu womwe umadutsa muzojambula zakale, kotero ndikutsimikiza kuti chidziwitso cha psychedelic ndi njira zina, monga kuvina ndi nyimbo, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makolo athu oyambirira kuti apititse patsogolo chidziwitso, zomwe zinathandizira uzimu, luso, ndi mankhwala,” akutero.

Lingaliro la Stoned Ape tsopano litha kutayika ku mbiri yakale ya sayansi, koma zotsalira zake zatsalira. Tsopano popeza asayansi amamvetsetsa bwino momwe psilocybin imakhudzira ubongo, amatha kufufuza mozama momwe angathere pochiza matenda ngati. kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, nkhawa, komanso kukhumudwa. Ngati izo zichitika - ndi zikuwoneka ngati zidzatero - psilocybin idzakhala gawo la chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino monga wothandizira kusintha kwabwino. Ndipo sizomwezo zomwe McKenna anali kulimbikitsa?

Mwina sitidzadziwa momwe bowa wamatsenga adathandizira anthu oyambirira. Koma palibe kukayika kuti athandizira paumoyo wa anthu amakono pamene tikupitiliza njira yathu yodabwitsa yachisinthiko.