Matombo Ape Theory Inotsanangurwa

Stoned Ape theory akatsanangura

FUNGIDZIRA HOMO ERECTUS, ZVINHU ZVINO ZVINO ZVIRI MUKURU DZEMUNHU WAKAMIRA WAKATADZWA UYE AKAVA VEKUTANGA MADZITEBHO EDU KUTAMBURA MARI IKONDINENDI IMWE. ANENGE MAKORE MAMIRIONI MAVIRI AKAPFUURA, AVA VARUME, VAMWE VAKAZOKABVUKA KUVA. HOMO SAPIENS, VAKATANGA KUKWEDZERA RANGE YAVO KUPFUURA AFRICA, KUFAMBA MUASIA NEEUROPA. VARI MUNZIRA, VAKATANDA MHUKA, AKASANGANA NEDOVE, UYE AKANYANYA ZVITSVA.

Asi ndizvozvo vhezheni yenyaya yedu yemabviro izvo zvinoitika kuva zvinogamuchirwa zvakafara namasayendisiti.

Kumwe kududzira kwakajeka kwezviitiko izvi kunosanganisira mhuka dzakafanana, ndove, uye zvinomera asiwo kunosanganisira psychedelic mishonga. Muna 1992, ethnobotanist uye psychedelics Advocate Terence McKenna vakapokana mubhuku. Kudya kweVamwari kuti chakaita kuti Homo erectus ishanduke kuva Homo sapiens kwaiva kusangana kwayo nayo mashiripiti howa uye psilocybin, iyo psychedelic compound mukati mavo, parwendo irworwo rwemhindumupindu. Akadaidza iyi kuti Stoned Ape Hypothesis.

McKenna akataura kuti psilocybin yakakonzera hunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa ruzivo rwehuropi nekukurumidza kurongeka, izvo zvakabva zvatanga kukurumidza. kushanduka kwekuziva izvo zvakaita kuti pave neruzivo rwekutanga, mutauro, uye tekinoroji yakanyorwa muzvinyorwa zvekuchera matongo zveHomo sapiens. Sevanhu vepakutanga, akati isu "takadya nzira yedu kusvika pakuziva kwepamusoro" nekudya howa uhwu, uhwo, akafungidzira, hwakamera kubva mundove yemhuka. Psilocybin, akadaro, akatibudisa "mupfungwa dzemhuka uye kutipinza munyika yekutaura kwakajeka uye yekufungidzira."

Sezvo kushanduka kwetsika dzevanhu kwakatungamira mukupfuyiwa kwemombe dzemusango, vanhu vakatanga kupedza nguva yakawanda vari pandove yemombe, McKenna akatsanangura. Uye, nekuti howa hwepsilocybin hunowanzomera mudota remhou, “kusiyana kwemhuka nehowa kwakasimudzirwa nekudzika. Pakanga pari panguva ino apo miitiro yorudzidziso, kugadzira karenda, uye mashiripiti omusikirwo zvakava zvawo amene.”

McKenna, akafa muna 2000, aidavira nechido mukufungidzira kwake, asi hazvina kumbofungwa zvakakomba nenzanga yesayenzi munguva yeupenyu hwake. Kudzingwa sekunyanya kufungidzira, McKenna's hypothesis ikozvino inongobuda apo neapo mu online meseji mabhodhi uye Reddit mapeji yakatsaurirwa kune psychedelics.

Zvisinei, hurukuro muna April pa Psychedelic Sayenzi 2017, musangano wesainzi pamusoro pepfungwa dzakapindwa nevatsvakurudzi, varapi, uye vanyori vanotenda mukukwanisa kurapa kwemishonga iyi, yakavandudza kufarira dzidziso. Ikoko, Paul Stamets, D.Sc., ane mukurumbira psilocybin mycologist, akatsigira Stoned Ape Hypothesis muhurukuro yake, "Psilocybin Mushrooms uye Mycology of Consciousness."

"Ini ndinopa izvi kwamuri nekuti ndinoda kudzosa pfungwa yeStoned Ape Hypothesis," Stamets akadaro kumhomho. “Chakanyanya kukosha kuti unzwisise ndechekuti kwakangoerekana kwapetwa kaviri uropi hwemunhu makore 200,000 apfuura. Kubva pamaonero ekushanduka-shanduka, ndiko kuwedzera kunoshamisa. Uye hapana tsananguro yeiyi kuwedzera kwakamwe kamwe muuropi hwomunhu.”

“Kupetwa” kwaakataura nezvako kunoreva kukura kwakamwe kamwe muhukuru hwehuropi hwemunhu, uye ari kutaura chokwadi: Iwo mameseji achiri kuda kupokana. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzeanthropologist dzinotenda kuti ukuru hwehuropi hweHomo erectus hwakapetwa kaviri pakati 2 mamiriyoni uye 700,000 makore ago. Zvichakadaro, zvinofungidzirwa kuti huwandu hwehuropi muHomo sapiens yakakura zvakapetwa katatu pakati pemakore 500,000 100,000 neXNUMX XNUMX apfuura.

Achiburitsa dzidziso dzeStoned Ape fungidziro yakaumbwa naMcKenna nemukoma wake Dennis, Stamets akapenda mufananidzo wenyati dzinoburuka kubva mumakomo emuAfrica, dzichipfuura nemumasango, uye dzichisangana ne“howa hukuru kwazvo hwepsilocybin pasi rose hunokura huchibuda mundove. mhuka.”

"Ndinokupa zano kuti Dennis naTerence vanga varipo," Stamets akazivisa achibvuma kuti fungidziro iyi pamwe yakanga ichiri isingabvumike. "Ndinoda kuti iwe kana chero ani zvake anoteerera, kana kuona izvi, amise kusatenda kwako ... ndinofunga kuti iyi ipfungwa inonzwisisika yekushanduka-shanduka kweHomo sapiens kubva kuhama dzedu dzeprimate."

Mhomho yevanhu yakatanga kuombera maoko zvisingaite.

Inguva yekupedzisira yekutora iyo Stoned Ape hypothesis zvakakomba? Kuita izvi kunoda kubatanidza kufambira mberi kwedu mukutsvagisa kwesainzi pamusoro pepsilocybin, zvakawanikwa zvichangobva kuwanikwa zvekuchera matongo, uye kunzwisisa kwedu kwakasviba kwekuziva kwevanhu uye kuisa izvi mukunzwisisa kwedu kwazvino kwekushanduka kwevanhu. Tinogona kutanga neshinda dzakajairika pakati pemaonero aMcKenna ekukura kwekuziva uye zvimwe, zvinonyanya kukosha, dzidziso, kusanganisira maonero anogamuchirwa ekuti zvakabuda kwezviuru zvemakore uye izvo. mutauro wakaita chikamu chepakati mukushanduka kwayo.

"Ndinofunga kuti, sechinhu chero chipi zvacho, panogona kunge paine chokwadi mune zvaanotaura [McKenna]," nyanzvi yezvakaitika kare Martin Lockley, Ph.D., anoudza kudaro. Inverse. Lockley, munyori webhuku rinonzi Masikirwo Akaitwa Hunhu, ine nyaya imwe huru nekufunga kwaMcKenna: Kutenda mune yeStoned Ape hypothesis, iyo inosimbisa kuti madzitateguru edu akakwira uye nokudaro akaziva, zvinorevawo kubvumirana kuti pakanga paine chikonzero chimwechete che kubuda kwekuziva. Mazhinji masayendisiti, Lockley aisanganisira, vanofunga kuti zvaive zvishoma kutwasanuka kupfuura izvozvo.

Kuziva, shure kwezvose, chinhu chakaoma zvikuru chatinongotanga kunzwisisa. Anthropologists kazhinji vanobvuma kuti a kushanda kwepfungwa dzevanhu inobatanidzwa nekugamuchira nekugadzirisa ruzivo rwakashanduka pamusoro pemireniyumu yekusarudza kwechisikigo. A mamiriro ekuziva Zvinosanganisira ruzivo rwezvakawanda zvemhando yezviitiko: manzwiro uye manzwiro, nuances yeunhu hwekunzwa, uye maitiro ekuziva, sekufunga kwekuongorora uye ndangariro. Muna 2016, masayendisiti akanongedza uko zvese izvi zvinogara muuropi, kuwana kubatana kwemuviri pakati penharaunda dzehuropi dzakabatanidzwa nekumutsa uye kuziva.

Dzidziso yaMcKenna inokurudzira kuzara kwechiitiko ichi chakaoma kusvika kunhamba imwe chete; Kwaari, howa hwepsilocybin hwakanga huri "chikonzero chekushanduka-shanduka" chakaita kuti vanhu vazive nekukurudzira vanhu vekare kuti vaite zviitiko zvakaita sebonde, kushamwaridzana munharaunda, uye zvekunamata. Mazhinji masayendisiti angapokana kuti tsananguro yaMcKenna yakanyanyisa, uye pamwe nekusaziva, iri nyore.

Uye zvakadaro, ivo vakagumburwa zvakaenzana pavakabvunzwa kuti vapindure mubvunzo pamudzi wegakava pamusoro peStoned Ape hypothesis uye tsvakurudzo yekuziva zvakazara: Ko kuziva kwakashanduka sei? Kana yakanga isiri psychedelic howa yakatanga maitiro, saka chii chakaita? Michael Graziano, Ph.D., purofesa wepfungwa uye neuroscience paPrinceton University uyo anodzidzira kuziva, akanga asina kunzwa nezveStoned Ape dzidziso asi anobvumirana kuti kushanduka kwekuziva kwevanhu kune imwe nzira yakabatana nekuumbwa kwenharaunda. Mune yake dzidziso, anopokana kuti huropi hwaifanira kukudziridza kugona kunzwisisa subjective zviitiko zvekushandira zvinodiwa munharaunda. Sezvo zvaive nerubatsiro rwekushanduka-shanduka kuve wakangwara munharaunda, anodaro, zvine musoro kutenda kuti kuziva kwakavapo senzira yekupona.

"Zvinogoneka kuti kuziva kwakabuda chikamu chekutarisa, kunzwisisa, uye kufanotaura zvimwe zvisikwa, tobva tashandura hunyanzvi humwe chete mukati, kuzviongorora nekuzvienzanisa isu pachedu,” Graziano anoudza Inverse. “Kana kuti kuziva kwakambobuda kare pakatanga kutariswa zvakanyanya uye zvine chekuita nekugona kutarisisa zviwanikwa zvehuropi pahuwandu hushoma hwezviratidzo. Izvozvo zvingaita kuti zvive pakuvamba zvikuru mukushanduka-shanduka, zvichida hafu yebhirioni yemakore apfuura.”

Saizvozvo, dzidziso dzeanthropologist Ian Tattersall, Ph.D., havana chekuita nemishonga yepfungwa asi kugovera kusimbisa kweStoned Ape pakugarisana. In bepa rake ra2004 "Chii chakaitika mumavambo ekuziva kwevanhu?" Tattersall, muongorori weAmerican Museum of Natural History, akapokana kuti kuzviziva - uye nekudaro kuziva - kwakazvarwa apo munhu wepakutanga akadzidza kuzviona ari kunze kwezvisikwa uye akakura achikwanisa kuongorora uye kutaura pfungwa dziri mukati mepfungwa dzake. Mutauro wakakura nguva pfupi yapfuura, uchiteverwa neruzivo rwemazuva ano rwemunhu.

Iko Tattersall inoramba yakagumburwa - uye uko dzidziso yaMcKenna inopa imwe tsananguro - iri mukuyedza kufunga. apo shanduko iyoyo inokosha yakaitika.

"Kuziva kwevanhu kwemazuva ano kwakabuda kupi?" Tattersall anonyora. “Zvechokwadi muAfrica, sechimiro chemunhu chemazuva ano. Nokuti mukondinendi ino ndimo tinowana mabudiro ekutanga e'maitiro emazuva ano' ... Asi nguva yeshanduko ichiri kutinzvenga uye tinogona kuzviita nekusingaperi."

McKenna anogona kunge akapokana kuti psilocybin-ine howa yakakonzera iyi "nguva yeshanduko." Asi kunyangwe nyanzvi dzevashandisi vezvinodhaka vekare vanofunga kuti hazvigoneke kuti chinhu chimwe chete chakakonzera shanduko yakakura kudaro, kunyangwe zvaive zvine musoro kufunga kuti mahominids ekutanga akadya howa dzemashiripiti sezvavaifamba nemuAfrica.

“Kushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu inzira yakaoma kunzwisisa umo zvinhu zvakati kuti zvakatora chikamu chazvo,” nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo Elisa Guerra-Doce, Ph.D., anodaro. Inverse. Tsvagiridzo yaGuerra-Doce pakushandiswa kwe zvinodhaka zvinomera munguva dzekare yakatsanangura kuti vanhu vekare vaishandisa sei zvinodhaka zvinochinja pfungwa zvinangwa zvetsika nezvemweya. Asi zvisinei nekuti akasangana nezvisaririra zveopium poppy mumeno eNeolithic specimens, mhodzi dzekare dzakapiswa cannabis, uye kunyange mifananidzo isinganzwisisike yekushandiswa kwe hallucinogenic howa pamadziro emapako muItaly Alps, haasi muchikepe neStoned Ape. Hypothesis.

"Semaonero angu, fungidziro yaMcKenna yakapusa uye haina humbowo hwakananga hwekuitsigira - kureva, humbowo hwekudyiwa kwehowa hwehallucinogenic nevekutanga Homo sapiens," anodaro, achiratidza kuti akawana zvimwe zvezvaakakoshesa. zvakaipa. "Anonongedza kuAlgerian pendi yeTassili-n-Ajjer, iyo inosanganisira mimwe mifananidzo yehowa, asi isu tinofanira kuyeuka kuti mifananidzo iyi yakatanga kuNeolithic."

Kana sainzi iri seri kwekufungidzira kwaMcKenna isina kugadzikana, chii chakakosha pakutsvaga kwakabva kuziva kwevanhu?

Pazvakanakisa, iyo Stoned Ape hypothesis ndeye, sekutsanangurwa kwazvakaitwa naStamets, "isingabvumirwe fungidziro" inokodzera vamwe - asi kwete ingangoita yese - yeruzivo rwatinarwo nezve shanduko yekuziva. Pakunyanyisa kwayo, iko kuwedzeredza kwakanyanyisa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinogona kunge zvakasvetuka-kutanga kuziva uye kuziva kwevanhu. Nekudaro, McKenna anokodzera kupihwa mbiri nekumutsa zano muma1990s iro masayendisiti achangokwanisa kuratidza: Psilocybin inoshandura pfungwa uye inogona kukonzeresa shanduko yemuviri muuropi.

Mumakore achangopfuura, vaongorori vezvinodhaka vakaona kuti psilocybin induces mamiriro e "unconstrained cognition,” zvichikonzera kushevedzera kwakanyanya mukuita mutambo yepfungwa dzepakutanga, nharaunda ine chekuita nemanzwiro. Pa psilocybin, zvikamu zvehuropi zvakabatana nemanzwiro uye ndangariro wedzera kurongeka, kugadzira maitiro ekuita uropi akafanana neaya evanhu vakarara uye vanorota. Panguva imwecheteyo, nzvimbo inodzora kufunga kwepamusoro-soro uye yakabatana nekuzvifunga inova isina kurongeka, ndosaka vamwe vanhu vanotora psilocybin vachinzwa kurasikirwa ne "ego," zvichiita kuti vanzwe zvakanyanya chikamu chenyika. kupfuura zvavanoita miviri yavo.

Pasinei nemakomba akataurwa muMcKenna's sainzi logic, Amanda Feilding, muvambi, uye director we iyo Beckley Foundation, inotungamira psychedelic research think tank, inoudza Inverse kuti isu tinofanira kuona zvakapfuura kukanganisa kwaMcKenna uye kufunga nzwisiso yake huru: kuti nyaya yerudzi rwevanhu haiparadzaniswe nekunakidzwa kwedu nemishonga yepfungwa. Kunyangwe kana murume wepakutanga akasangana nezvinhu zvepfungwa padhuze nenguva yeNeolithic, anodaro, chiitiko chekupinda mune yakashandurwa mamiriro ekuziva chingangochinja nzanga yevanhu kuti ive nani.

"Mufananidzo unouya nechiitiko che psychedelic idingindira rinofamba kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwekare, saka ndine chokwadi chekuti ruzivo rwepfungwa uye humwe hunyanzvi, sekutamba nemimhanzi, zvakashandiswa nemadzitateguru edu ekutanga kusimudzira pfungwa, izvo zvakabva zvagonesa kunamata, unyanzvi, nemishonga,” anodaro.

Iyo Stoned Ape hypothesis inogona kunge yakarasika kune zvinyorwa zvesainzi, asi zvimwe zvakasara zvenhaka yayo zvichiripo. Zvino izvo masayendisiti anonzwisisa zviri nani nzira iyo psilocybin inokanganisa uropi, vanogona kuongorora zvakanyanya kugona kwayo kurapa kusagadzikana senge. kushandisa zvinodhaka, kufunganya, uye kuora mwoyo. Kana izvozvo zvikaitika - uye zvinoita sezvichadaro - psilocybin ichave chikamu chetsika dzechinyakare semumiriri wekuchinja kwakanaka. Uye handizvo here izvo McKenna aikurudzira?

Pamwe hatizomboziva kuti mashiripiti howa akabatsira sei vanhu vekutanga. Asi hapana mubvunzo kuti vachange vachibatsira muhutano hwevanhu vemazuva ano apo isu tinoenderera mberi nenzira yedu isinganzwisisike yekushanduka-shanduka.