Ithiyori ye-Stoned Ape yachaza

CABANGA I-HOMO ERECTUS, UHLOBO LWEZINDINI ESEZIKHONA MANJE EZAMA QO FUTHI ABA ABOKUQALA KONYAZI LWETHU UKUHAMBA NGAPHEZU KWEZWEZWENI ELILODWA. EMINYAKENI EYIZIGIDI EZIMBILI EYEDLULE, LABA ABADILI, ABANYE BABO ABAGCINA BEZIGUQULELA HOMO SAPIENS, BAQALILE UKUNWULA UBANGO WABO NGAPHEZU KWA-AFRIKA, IYAQHUBEKA E-ASIA NASE-EUROPE. ENDLELENI, BALANDELA IZILWANE, BAHLANGANA NOBUBONGO, BATHOLA IZITALO EZINTSHA.

Kodwa lokho nje inguqulo yendaba yethu yemvelaphi lokho kwenzeka ukuba kwamukelwe kabanzi ososayensi.

Incazelo ecace ngokwengeziwe yalezi zenzakalo ihilela izilwane ezifanayo, ubulongwe, nezitshalo kodwa futhi ihlanganisa izidakamizwa ze-psychedelic. Ngo-1992, ummeli we-ethnobotanist kanye ne-psychedelics uTerence McKenna waphikisana encwadini. Ukudla Konkulunkulu ukuthi okwenza iHomo erectus iguqukele ekubeni yiHomo sapiens kwaba ukuhlangana kwayo nayo amakhowe omlingo kanye ne-psilocybin, inhlanganisela ye-psychedelic phakathi kwabo, kulolo hambo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lokhu wakubiza ngokuthi i-Stoned Ape Hypothesis.

UMcKenna uveze ukuthi i-psilocybin idale ukuthi ubuchopho bakudala bukwazi ukuhlela kabusha ulwazi, okubuye kwaqala ukushesha. ukuguquka kwengqondo okwaholela ekusungulweni kobuciko, ulimi, nobuchwepheshe bokuqala obubhalwe emrekhodini wemivubukulo we-Homo sapiens. Njengabantu bokuqala, uthe “sadla indlela yethu eya ekuphaphameni okuphakeme” ngokudla la makhowe, acabanga ukuthi aphuma emqubeni wezilwane. Wathi, uPsilocybin wasikhipha “emqondweni wezilwane wasifaka ezweni lenkulumo ephinyiselweyo nemicabango.”

Njengoba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu kwaholela ekufuyweni kwezinkomo zasendle, abantu baqala ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi bezungeze ubulongwe bezinkomo, kuchaza uMcKenna. Futhi, ngenxa yokuthi amakhowe e-psilocybin avame ukumila endle yenkomo, “ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zamakhowe abantu kwathuthukiswa futhi kwajula. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho amasiko enkolo, ukwenziwa kwekhalenda, nomlingo wemvelo kwaba khona okwakho.”

McKenna, owashona ngo-2000, wayekholelwa ngentshiseko emcabangweni wakhe, kodwa umphakathi wesayensi awuzange ucatshangelwe ngokungathi sína phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Icashisiwe njengokuqagela ngokweqile, I-hypothesis kaMcKenna manje ivela ngezikhathi ezithile kumabhodi emiyalezo aku-inthanethi futhi Reddit amakhasi ezinikezelwe kuma-psychedelics.

Nokho, inkulumo ngo-April at I-Psychedelic Science 2017, ingqungquthela yesayensi yezifo zengqondo ehanjelwe abacwaningi, abelapha, nabadwebi abakholelwa emandleni okwelapha ale mithi, yavuselela isithakazelo kulo mbono. Lapho, UPaul Stamets, D.Sc., isazi se-psilocybin mycologist esaziwayo, wamelela i-Stoned Ape Hypothesis enkulumweni yakhe, “Amakhowa e-Psilocybin kanye ne-Mycology of Consciousness.”

“Ngikwethulela lokhu ngoba ngifuna ukubuyisa umqondo we-Stoned Ape Hypothesis,” kusho uStamets esixukwini. “Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ukuqonde ukuthi ubuchopho bomuntu buphindeke kabili eminyakeni engu-200,000 edlule. Ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lokho ukwanda okungajwayelekile. Futhi ayikho incazelo yalokhu kwanda okuzumayo kobuchopho bomuntu.”

“Ukuphindwa kabili” akhuluma ngakho kubhekisela ekukhuleni okungazelelwe kobukhulu bobuchopho bomuntu, futhi uqinisile: Imininingwane isazoxoxwa. Ezinye izazi ze-anthropologists zikholelwa ukuthi ubukhulu bobuchopho be-Homo erectus buphindwe kabili phakathi 2 million kanye neminyaka eyi-700,000 edlule. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kulinganiselwa ukuthi umthamo wobuchopho ku-Homo sapiens yakhula ngokuphindwe kathathu ngobukhulu phakathi kweminyaka engu-500,000 neyi-100,000 edlule.

Ebeka inkolelo-mbono ye-Stoned Ape eyakhiwe uMcKenna nomfowabo uDennis, u-Stamets wadweba umfanekiso wezinkawu ezehla emifuleni yase-Afrika, zinqamula amathafa, futhi zihlangana “nekhowe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elimila ubulongwe be-psilocybin. izilwane.”

"Ngiphakamisa kuwe ukuthi uDennis noTerence bebeqinisile," u-Stamets wamemezela ngenkathi evuma ukuthi i-hypothesis mhlawumbe ibingakaqinisekiswa. "Ngifuna ukuthi wena noma noma ubani olalele, noma obona lokhu, amise ukungakholwa kwakho ... Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kuwumbono ozwakalayo wokuvela okungazelelwe kwe-Homo sapiens ezihlotsheni zethu ze-primate."

Isixuku sahlokoma ihlombe.

wachaza ithiyori yenkawu ngamatshe — U-Terence McKenna ukhuthaze iStoned Ape Hypothesis. Wikimedia Commons

Ingabe ekugcineni sekuyisikhathi sokuthatha i-Stoned Ape hypothesis ngokungathi sína? Ukwenza kanjalo kudinga ukuhlanganisa intuthuko yethu ocwaningweni lwesayensi nge-psilocybin, izinto ezisanda kutholwa zemivubukulo, kanye nokuqonda kwethu okufiphele kokwazi komuntu nokufaka lokhu ekuqondeni kwethu kwamanje ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu. Singaqala ngemicu evamile phakathi kombono kaMcKenna wokuthuthukiswa kokuqaphela kanye nezinye, izinkolelo-mbono ezivamile, kuhlanganise nombono owamukelwa ngokuvamile wokuthi kwavela phakathi nezinkulungwane zeminyaka nokuthi Ulimi ludlale indima ebalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwayo.

“Ngicabanga ukuthi, njenganoma yini, kungenzeka ukuthi kuneqiniso kulokho akushoyo [uMcKenna],” kusho isazi semivubukulo uMartin Lockley, Ph.D. Inverse. Lockley, umbhali wencwadi ebizwa ngokuthi Isintu Savela Kanjani, inenkinga eyodwa enkulu ngokucabanga kukaMcKenna: Ukukholelwa ku-Stoned Ape hypothesis, ebeka ukuthi okhokho bethu baba phezulu futhi ngenxa yalokho baqaphela, kusho futhi ukuvuma ukuthi kwakukhona imbangela eyodwa ukuvela komqondo. Ososayensi abaningi, kuhlanganise no-Lockley, bacabanga ukuthi kwakungaqondile kakhulu kunalokho.

Ukuqaphela, phela, kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu esiqala ukuyiqonda. Izazi ze-anthropologists ngokuvamile ziyakwamukela ukuthi yi- umsebenzi womqondo womuntu ebandakanyeka ekwamukeleni nasekucubunguleni ulwazi oluvele ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka yokukhethwa kwemvelo. A isimo sokuqaphela kuhlanganisa ukuqwashisa kokuhlangenwe nakho okuningi kwekhwalithi: imizwa nemizwa, ukuhluka kwezimfanelo zezinzwa, nezinqubo zokuqonda, njengokucabanga kokuhlola nenkumbulo. Ngo-2016, ososayensi bakhomba lapho konke lokhu kuhlala ebuchosheni, ukuthola isixhumanisi esibonakalayo phakathi kwezifunda zobuchopho ezihlobene nokuvuka nokuqwashisa.

Ithiyori kaMcKenna ihlanganisa yonke le nto eyinkimbinkimbi kuze kube yinhlansi eyodwa; kuye, amakhowe e-psilocybin “ayeyi-catalyst yokuziphendukela kwemvelo” eyavusa ukwazi ngokukhuthaza abantu bokuqala ukuba bahlanganyele ekuhlangenwe nakho okunjengocansi, ukuhlangana komphakathi, kanye nengokomoya. Ososayensi abaningi bangaphikisa ngokuthi incazelo kaMcKenna idlulele, futhi mhlawumbe ngokungenangqondo, ilula.

Kodwa nokho, bakhungathekile ngokulinganayo lapho becelwa ukuthi baphendule umbuzo owumsuka wempikiswano mayelana ne-Stoned Ape hypothesis kanye nocwaningo lokuqaphela jikelele: Ukwazi kwavela kanjani? Uma kwakungewona amakhowe e-psychedelic aqala inqubo, pho kwenzenjani? UMichael Graziano, Ph.D., uprofesa wezengqondo nesayensi yezinzwa eNyuvesi yase-Princeton owenza izifundo zokuqaphela, wayengakaze ezwe ngenkolelo-mbono ye-Stoned Ape kodwa uyavuma ukuthi ukuguquguquka kokuqaphela komuntu ngandlela-thile kuhlobene nokwakhiwa kwemiphakathi. Ngombono wakhe siqu, uthi ubuchopho bekufanele buthuthukise ikhono lokuqonda okuhlangenwe nakho okuphathekayo ukuze kusebenze izidingo zomphakathi. Njengoba kwakuzuzisa ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuba ohlakaniphile emphakathini, uthi, kunengqondo ukukholelwa ukuthi ukwazi kwavela njengendlela yokusinda.

“Kungenzeka ukuthi ukwazi kwavela ngokwengxenye ukuqapha, ukuqonda, futhi sibikezele ezinye izidalwa, bese sifaka ikhono elifanayo ngaphakathi, siziqaphe futhi sizifanise ngokwethu,” uGraziano utshela u-Inverse. “Noma kungenzeka ukuthi ukwazi kwavela ngaphambi kwesikhathi lapho ukugxila okuyisisekelo kuqala kuvela nokuthi kuhlobene nekhono lokugxilisa izinsiza zobuchopho enanini elilinganiselwe lamasignali. Lokho kungakubeka ekuqaleni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, mhlawumbe eminyakeni eyisigamu sebhiliyoni edlule.”

Ngokufanayo, imibono ye-anthropologist U-Ian Tattersall, Ph.D., azihlanganise lutho nezidakamizwa ze-psychedelic kodwa zabelana ngokugcizelela kwe-Stoned Ape ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi. Ku iphepha lakhe lango-2004 "Kwenzekeni emsuka wokwazi komuntu?" U-Tattersall, umcwaningi e-American Museum of Natural History, wagomela ngokuthi ukuzazi - futhi kanjalo ukwazi - kwazalwa njengoba umuntu wokuqala efunda ukuzicabangela ngaphandle kwemvelo futhi wakhula ekwazi ukuhlola nokuveza imicabango engqondweni yakhe. Ulimi lwakhula ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, lwalandelwa ukuqonda komuntu kwesimanje.

Lapho uTattersall ehlala ekhungathekile - nalapho ithiyori kaMcKenna inikeza incazelo ethile - izama ukuthola nini lolo shintsho olubalulekile lwenzeka.

“Kwavelaphi ukuqonda komuntu kwanamuhla?” Uyabhala uTattersall. “Cishe e-Afrika, njengokwakheka komuntu kwanamuhla. Ngoba kuleli zwekazi lapho sithola khona amazwibela okuqala 'okuziphatha kwesimanje' ... Kodwa umzuzu wenguquko usasiphunyuka futhi kungenzeka wenze njalo cishe unomphela."

UMcKenna kungenzeka ukuthi waphikisa ngokuthi amakhowe aqukethe i-psilocybin abangele lesi “sikhathi senguquko.” Kodwa ngisho nochwepheshe babasebenzisi bezidakamizwa basendulo bacabanga ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi isici esisodwa esibangele ushintsho olukhulu kangaka, naphezu kokuthi kunengqondo ngokuphelele ukucabanga ukuthi ama-hominids akudala adla amakhowe omlingo njengoba edlula e-Afrika.

Isazi semivubukulo u-Elisa Guerra-Doce, Ph.D., sitshela isazi semivubukulo u-Elisa Guerra-Doce, Ph.D. Inverse. Ucwaningo lukaGuerra-Doce ngokusetshenziswa kwe izitshalo zezidakamizwa ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando inemininingwane yokuthi abantu bakudala babezisebenzisa kanjani izidakamizwa ezishintsha ingqondo izinjongo zesiko nezingokomoya. Kodwa naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uhlangabezane nezinsalela ze-opium poppy emazinyweni ezibonelo ze-Neolithic, imbewu yasendulo ye-cannabis eshisiwe, kanye nemidwebo engabonakali yokusetshenziswa kwamakhowe e-hallucinogenic ezindongeni zomhume e-Italian Alps, akekho ebhodini le-Stoned Ape. I-hypothesis.

"Ngokombono wami, umbono kaMcKenna ulula kakhulu futhi awunabo ubufakazi obuqondile bokuwusekela - okungukuthi, noma yibuphi ubufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwamakhowe e-hallucinogenic yi-Homo sapiens yakuqala," esho, eveza ukuthi uthole amanye amaqiniso akhe ayisisekelo. okungalungile. "Ukhomba imidwebo yase-Algeria ye-Tassili-n-Ajjer, ehlanganisa imidwebo yamakhowe, kodwa kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi le midwebo isuka kuNeolithic."

Uma isayensi esekelwe ku-hypothesis kaMcKenna ingazinzile, ingakanani inzuzo enayo ekufuneni umsuka wokwazi komuntu?

Okungcono kakhulu, i-Stoned Ape hypothesis, njengoba u-Stamets ayichaza, "inkolelo-mbono engenabufakazi" efanelana nolunye - kodwa hhayi cishe lonke - lolwazi esinalo mayelana nokuvela kokwazi. Okubi kakhulu, ukwenza lula ngokweqile kwenqwaba yezinto okungenzeka ziqale ngokushesha ukuqonda nokwazi komuntu kwesimanje. Kodwa-ke, uMcKenna ufanele ukubongwa ngokuveza umbono ngeminyaka yawo-1990 ososayensi abasanda kukwazi ukuwufakazela: I-Psilocybin iyakushintsha ukwazi futhi ingadala izinguquko zomzimba ebuchosheni.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi bezidakamizwa bathole ukuthi i-psilocybin idala isimo "ukuqonda okungavinjelwe,” okubangela ukwanda okukhulu komsebenzi kunethiwekhi yobuchopho bakudala, indawo ehlobene nokusabela kwemizwelo. Ku-psilocybin, izingxenye zobuchopho ezixhumene nemizwelo nenkumbulo sebenzisana kakhulu, ukudala amaphethini okusebenza kobuchopho afana nalawabantu abalala nabaphuphayo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, isifunda esilawula ukucabanga kwezinga eliphezulu futhi esixhunyaniswe nomuzwa wokuzicabangela siyaba nokungahlelekile, yingakho abanye abantu abathatha i-psilocybin bezizwa belahlekelwa “i-ego,” okubenza bazizwe beyingxenye yezwe. kunokuba benza imizimba yabo siqu.

Noma ngabe yiziphi izimbobo ezikhonjwe kungqondo yesayensi kaMcKenna, u-Amanda Feilding, umsunguli, nomqondisi we iBeckley Foundation, umcabango ohamba phambili wocwaningo lwezengqondo, uyatshela Inverse ukuthi kufanele siwabone amaphutha kaMcKenna adlule futhi sicabangele ukuqonda kwakhe okukhulu kakhulu: ukuthi indaba yesintu ayinakuhlukaniswa nokuthakasela kwethu izidakamizwa ze-psychedelic. Ngisho noma umuntu wakuqala ehlangana nezinto ezithinta ingqondo eduze nenkathi ye-Neolithic, uthi, isipiliyoni sokungena esimweni sokuqaphela esishintshile cishe sashintsha umphakathi wesintu waba ngcono.

“Isithombe esihambisana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-psychedelic siyindikimba esebenza ngobuciko basendulo, ngakho-ke nginesiqiniseko sokuthi ulwazi lwengqondo nezinye izindlela, njengokudansa nomculo, zasetshenziswa okhokho bethu bakuqala ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwazi, okwabe kwenza ingokomoya libe lula, ubuciko, nemithi,” usho kanje.

I-Stoned Ape hypothesis manje ingase ilahleke emibhalweni yesayensi, kodwa enye insalela yefa layo isasele. Manje njengoba ososayensi sebeyiqonda kangcono indlela i-psilocybin ethinta ngayo ubuchopho, sebengakwazi ukuphenya amandla ayo okwelapha izifo ezifana ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, ukukhathazeka, nokucindezeleka. Uma lokho kwenzeka - futhi kubonakala sengathi kuzokwenzeka - I-psilocybin izoba yingxenye yesiko elijwayelekile njenge-ejenti yoshintsho oluhle. Futhi akukhona yini lokho ekugcineni uMcKenna ayekugqugquzela?

Mhlawumbe ngeke sazi ukuthi amakhowe omlingo abasiza kanjani abantu bokuqala. Kodwa akungabazeki ukuthi bazoba neqhaza enhlalakahleni yabantu banamuhla njengoba siqhubeka nendlela yethu eyinqaba yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.