Kucaciswe ithiyori yenkawu ngamatye

Kucaciswe ithiyori yeApe ngamatye

KHAWUZITHELEKELELE HOMO ERECTUS, IINTLOBO EZIPHELEYO ZEZINKONDLO EZEMI NGQO ZAZE ZABA ZETHU ZOKUQALA ZETHU ZETHU UKUHAMBA NGAPHAYA KWELIZWE ELINYE. KWIMINYAKA EZIGIDI EZIMBINI EDLULILEYO, ABA BANTU BABANTU, ABANYE BATHI EKUGQIBELENI BAPHUHLILE HOMO SAPIENS, BAQALA UKWANISA UDIDI LWABO NGAPHAYA KWE-AFRIKA, ESIYAHAMBA E-ASIA NASE-EUROPE. ENDLELENI, BAYE BALANDELA IZILWANYANA, BAHLANGABEZANA nobulongwe, BAFUMANA IZITYALO EZINTSHA.

Kodwa kunjalo nje inguqulelo yebali lethu lemvelaphi oko kwenzeka ukuba yamkelwe ngokubanzi zizazinzulu.

Ingcaciso ecace ngakumbi yezi ziganeko ibandakanya izilwanyana, ubulongwe nezityalo ezifanayo kodwa ikwaquka iziyobisi zengqondo. Ngo-1992, i-ethnobotanist kunye ne-psychedelics ummeli uTerence McKenna waxoxa kule ncwadi. Ukutya koThixo ukuba into eyenza ukuba iHomo erectus iguquke ibe yiHomo sapiens kukudibana kwayo nayo amakhowa omlingo kunye ne-psilocybin, ikhompawundi ye-psychedelic phakathi kwabo, kolo hambo lwendaleko. Le nto wayibiza ngokuba yi-Stoneed Ape Hypothesis.

UMcKenna ubeke ukuba i-psilocybin ibangele ukuba ingqondo yakudala ikwazi ukuphinda ihlengahlengise ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo eyathi yaqalisa ukukhawulezisa. ukuvela kwengqondo nto leyo eyakhokelela kubugcisa, ulwimi, nobugcisa bokuqala obubhalwe kwingxelo yenzululwazi yezinto zakudala zeHomo sapiens. Njengabantu bokuqala, uthe "sasidla indlela yethu ukuya kwingqondo ephezulu" ngokutya la makhowa, awathi, wacinga ukuba, aphuma kumgquba wezilwanyana. Wathi, uPsilocybin wasikhupha “kwingqondo yesilwanyana saza sasisa kwilizwe lentetho entsonkothileyo nokucingayo.”

Njengoko inkcubeko yabantu yakhokelela ekufuyweni kweenkomo zasendle, abantu baqala ukuchitha ixesha elininzi malunga nobulongwe benkomo, uMcKenna wacacisa. Kwaye, ngenxa yokuba amakhowa e-psilocybin edla ngokukhula kwilindle lenkomo, “unxulumano phakathi kwezilwanyana nezilwanyana ezingabantu luye lwandiswa kwaye lwenziwa nzulu. Kungelo xesha ke apho izithethe zonqulo, ukwenziwa kwekhalenda, nobugqi bendalo zangena ngokwazo.”

McKenna, owasweleka ngo2000, wayekholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo kwingcamango yakhe, kodwa ayizange ithathelwe ingqalelo nzulu luluntu lwenzululwazi ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe. Igxothiwe njengentelekelelo egqithisileyo, I-hypothesis kaMcKenna ngoku ivele nje ngamaxesha athile kwiibhodi zemiyalezo ye-intanethi kunye Reddit amaphepha ezinikezelwe kwii-psychedelics.

Nangona kunjalo, intetho ngo-Aprili ngo Psychedelic Science 2017, inkomfa yenzululwazi yeengqondo ezizinyaswe ngabaphandi, iingcali zonyango, kunye namagcisa akholelwa kumandla okunyanga la mayeza, uvuselele umdla kwithiyori. Pha, UPaul Stamets, D.Sc., isazi esaziwayo se-psilocybin mycologist, saxhasa iStoned Ape Hypothesis kwintetho yakhe ethi, “Psilocybin Mushrooms and the Mycology of Consciousness.”

“Ndikubonisa oku kuba ndifuna ukubuyisela umbono we-Stoneed Ape Hypothesis,” utshilo uStamets kwisihlwele. “Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuwe ukuba uyiqonde kukuba kwabakho ukuphinda-phinda kobuchopho bomntu kwiminyaka engama-200,000 eyadlulayo. Ukusuka kwimbono yendaleko, lulwando olungaqhelekanga olo. Yaye akukho ngcaciso yoku kwanda ngequbuliso kobuchopho bomntu.”

“Ukuphinda-phinda” athetha ngako kubhekiselele ekukhuleni ngesiquphe kubungakanani bobuchopho bomntu, kwaye unyanisile: Iinkcukacha zisaxoxwa. Ezinye izazi ngendalo zikholelwa ukuba ubungakanani bobuchopho beHomo erectus buphindeke kabini phakathi Izigidi ezi-2 kunye neminyaka engama-700,000 eyadlulayo. Okwangoku, kuqikelelwa ukuba umthamo wobuchopho kwiHomo sapiens yakhula ngokuphindwe kathathu ubukhulu phakathi kweminyaka engama-500,000 kunye ne-100,000 eyadlulayo.

Echaza imfundiso yeStoned Ape eqikelelwa nguMcKenna kunye nomntakwabo uDennis, uStamets wapeyinta umfanekiso weenkawukazi eziphuma kwintlabathi yaseAfrika, zinqumla kumathafa, zize zifike “elona khowa likhulu ehlabathini likhula ngobulongwe buphuma kubulongwe. izilwanyana.”

“Ndicebisa ukuba uDennis noTerence bebenyanisile,” utshilo uStamets ngelixa evuma ukuba i-hypothesis mhlawumbi ibingekaqinisekiswa. "Ndifuna wena okanye nabani na omameleyo, okanye obona oku, akuphelise ukungakholelwa kwakho ... Ndicinga ukuba le yingcinga ebambekayo yokuvela kweHomo sapiens kwizalamane zethu."

Isihlwele satsho ngentswahla yezandla.

Ngaba ekugqibeleni lixesha lokuthatha ngokungqongqo ingqikelelo ye-Stoned Ape? Ukwenza oko kufuna ukudibanisa inkqubela phambili yethu kuphando lwezenzululwazi kwi-psilocybin, izinto ezifunyenwe kutshanje zenzululwazi yezinto zakudala, kunye nokuqonda kwethu okufifileyo kokuqonda komntu kunye nokufaka ezi zinto kulwazi lwethu lwangoku lokuzivelela komntu. Sinokuqala ngemisonto eqhelekileyo phakathi kwembono kaMcKenna yophuhliso lwengqondo kunye nezinye, iithiyori eziqhelekileyo, kubandakanywa nombono owamkelwa ngokuqhelekileyo wokuba wavela kumawaka eminyaka kwaye ukuba. ulwimi ludlale indima ephambili kwindaleko yayo.

“Ndicinga ukuba, njengayo nantoni na, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho inyani koko akuthethayo [uMcKenna],” isazi ngezidalwa zamandulo uMartin Lockley, Ph.D., uxelela oko. reverse. Lockley, umbhali wencwadi ebizwa Bavela Njani Ubuntu, inomcimbi omnye omkhulu ngengqiqo kaMcKenna: Ukukholelwa kwi-Stoned Ape hypothesis, ebeka ukuba ookhokho bethu baye baphakama kwaye ngenxa yoko baye baqonda, kuthetha ukuvuma ukuba kukho unobangela omnye ukuvela kwengqondo. Uninzi lwezazinzulu, i-Lockley ibandakanyiwe, bacinga ukuba yayingathanga ngqo ngakumbi kunoko.

Ukuqonda, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, yinto enzima kakhulu esiqala ukuyiqonda. Iingcali ze-Anthropologists ziyamkela ngokubanzi ukuba yi umsebenzi wengqondo yomntu ibandakanyeka ekwamkeleni nasekusetyenzweni kolwazi oluvele kwinkulungwane yeminyaka yokhetho lwendalo. A isimo sezingqondweni luquka ulwazi lwamava amaninzi akumgangatho ophezulu: imvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo, iinuances zeempawu zovakalelo, kunye neenkqubo zokuqonda, njengokucinga kovavanyo kunye nenkumbulo. Kwi-2016, izazinzulu zaphawula apho yonke le nto ihlala engqondweni, ukufumanisa ikhonkco lomzimba phakathi kwemimandla yobuchopho ehambelana nokuvuswa kunye nokwazisa.

Ithiyori kaMcKenna idibanisa yonke le nto inzima kwintlantsi enye; kuye, amakhowa e-psilocybin "ayeyeyona nto ikhuthaza ukuvela kwezinto" eyavuselela ingqondo ngokukhuthaza abantu bokuqala ukuba bazibandakanye kumava afana nesondo, ubudlelwane boluntu kunye nokomoya. Uninzi lwezazinzulu zinokuthi inkcazo kaMcKenna igqithise, kwaye mhlawumbi ingenangqondo, ilula.

Nangona kunjalo, baxakiwe ngokulinganayo xa bebuzwa ukuba baphendule umbuzo osisiseko sengxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nengqikelelo ye-Stoned Ape kunye nophando lwengqondo ngokubanzi: Ingqondo yazivelela njani? Ukuba kwakungekho amakhowa e-psychedelic aqala inkqubo, yintoni eyenzekayo? UMichael Graziano, Ph.D., unjingalwazi wezengqondo kunye ne-neuroscience kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton ofunda ukuqonda, akazange eve nge-Stoned Ape ithiyori kodwa uyavuma ukuba i-evolution yengqondo yomntu ngandlela-thile inxulumene nokusekwa koluntu. Kwithiyori yakhe, uthi ubuchopho bekufuneka buphuhlise isakhono sokuqonda amava aphathekayo ukunceda iimfuno zentlalo. Ekubeni kwakuyingenelo ngokwendaleko ukuba krelekrele ngokwentlalo, utsho, kusengqiqweni ukukholelwa ukuba ukwazi kwavela njengeqhinga lokusinda.

"Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ingqondo yavela ngokuyinxenye ukujonga, baqonde, kwaye saxela kwangaphambili ezinye izidalwa, emva koko sajikela isakhono esifanayo ngaphakathi, sizijonge kwaye sizilinganise ngokwethu,” utshilo uGraziano ku-Inverse. “Okanye kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukwazi kwavela kwangethuba kakhulu xa kwaqala kwavela ingqwalasela esisiseko kwaye inxulumene nokukwazi ukujolisa izixhobo zobuchopho kwinani elilinganiselweyo lemiqondiso. Oko bekuya kukubeka kwasekuqaleni kwindaleko, mhlawumbi kwisiqingatha sebhiliyoni kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.”

Ngokunjalo, iithiyori ze-anthropologist U-Ian Tattersall, Ph.D., awunanto yakwenza neziyobisi zengqondo kodwa wabelane ngogxininiso lweStoned Ape kwintlalontle. Kwi iphepha lakhe lika-2004 "Kwenzeke ntoni kwimvelaphi yengqondo yomntu?" UTattersall, umphandi kwiMyuziyam yaseMelika yeMbali yeNdalo, wathi ukuzazi-kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukuqonda-kwazalwa njengoko umntu wokuqala wafunda ukuzicingela ngokwahlukileyo kwindalo kwaye wakhula ekwazi ukuvavanya nokuvakalisa iingcinga ezingaphakathi kwengqondo yakhe. Ulwimi lwakhula kungekudala emva koko, lwalandelwa yingqiqo yomntu yanamhlanje.

Apho uTattersall ahlala ephazamisekile-kwaye apho ithiyori kaMcKenna inika ingcaciso-kukuzama ukufumanisa. nini olo tshintsho lubalulekileyo lwenzeka.

"Yavela phi ukuqonda kwabantu namhlanje?" UTattersall uyabhala. “Ngokuqinisekileyo e-Afrika, njengokwakheka komntu kule mihla. Kuba kukweli lizwekazi apho sifumana amaza okuqala 'eendlela zokuziphatha zale mihla' ... Kodwa umzuzu wenguqu usasibaleka kwaye usenokwenza oko phantse ngokungenasiphelo."

UMcKenna usenokuba waxoxa ukuba amakhowa ane-psilocybin abangela lo “mzuzu wenguqu.” Kodwa neengcali kubasebenzisi beziyobisi bamandulo zicinga ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba kubekho enye into ebangele utshintsho olunjalo, nangona isengqiqweni ngokupheleleyo ukucinga ukuba ii-hominids zamandulo zatya amakhowa omlingo njengoko zazidlula eAfrika.

Umembi wezinto zakudala uElisa Guerra-Doce, Ph.D., uthi: “Indaleko yomntu yinkqubo entsonkothileyo apho izinto ezininzi ziye zadlala indima yazo. reverse. Uphando lukaGuerra-Doce malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe izityalo zamachiza kumaxesha angaphambili ichaze ngokweenkcukacha indlela abantu bamandulo ababezisebenzisa ngayo iziyobisi eziguqula ingqondo iinjongo zezithethe nezomoya. Kodwa ngaphandle kwento yokuba uye wadibana neentsalela ze-opium poppy kumazinyo emizekelo ye-Neolithic, imbewu ye-cannabis yamandulo, kunye nemizobo engabonakaliyo yokusetyenziswa kwamakhowa e-hallucinogenic kwiindonga zomqolomba kwiiAlps zase-Italiya, akakho ebhodini kunye ne-Stoneed Ape. Ingcamango.

"Ngokokubona kwam, i-hypothesis kaMcKenna ilula kakhulu kwaye ayinabungqina obuthe ngqo bokuyixhasa - oko kukuthi, nabuphi na ubungqina bokusetyenziswa kwamakhowa e-hallucinogenic yi-Homo sapiens yokuqala," utshilo, ebonisa ukuba ufumene ezinye zeenyani zakhe ezisisiseko. engalunganga. "Usalatha kwimizobo yase-Algeria yaseTassili-n-Ajjer, ebandakanya imiboniso yamakhowa, kodwa kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba le mizobo ibuyela kwi-Neolithic."

Ukuba isayensi emva kwe-hypothesis kaMcKenna ayizinzanga, yintoni exabiseke ngayo ekukhangeleni imvelaphi yengqondo yomntu?

Okona kulungileyo, i-Stoned Ape hypothesis, njengoko i-Stamets ichaza, "ingqikelelo engenakungqinwa" ehambelana nolunye - kodwa hayi phantse yonke - yolwazi esinalo malunga nendaleko yengqondo. Okona kubi kakhulu, kukwenziwa lula okugqithisileyo kobuninzi bezinto ezinokuthi ziqalise ukuqonda kunye nokuqonda komntu. Nangona kunjalo, uMcKenna ufanelwe yikhredithi ngokudala umbono ngeminyaka yoo-1990 izazinzulu zisandul’ ukungqina: I-Psilocybin iyaluguqula ulwazi kwaye inokubangela utshintsho emzimbeni engqondweni.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphandi beziyobisi baye bafumanisa ukuba i-psilocybin yenza imeko "ukuqonda okungathintelekiyo,” ibangela utyando oluvakalayo kumsebenzi kuthungelwano lobuchopho bamandulo, ummandla onxulumene nokusabela ngokweemvakalelo. Kwi-psilocybin, amalungu obuchopho adityaniswa neemvakalelo kunye nenkumbulo lungelelaniswa ngakumbi, ukudala iipatheni zokusebenza kwengqondo ezifana nezo zabantu abalalayo nabaphuphayo. Kwangaxeshanye, ummandla olawula ukucinga okukwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye unxulunyaniswa nemvakalelo yokuziva ungalungelelananga, yiyo loo nto abanye abantu abathatha i-psilocybin beziva belahlekelwe “yi-ego,” ebakhokelela ekubeni bazive beyinxalenye yehlabathi. kunokuba besenza imizimba yabo.

Nokuba yeyiphi imingxunya echazwe kwingqiqo yenzululwazi kaMcKenna, uAmanda Feilding, umseki, kunye nomlawuli we. iBeckley Foundation, itanki yokucinga ekhokelayo yophando lwe-psychedelic, ixela reverse ukuba kufuneka sibone iimpazamo ezidlulileyo zikaMcKenna kwaye siqwalasele ingqiqo yakhe enkulu: ukuba ibali loluntu alinakwahlulwa kumdla wethu weziyobisi zengqondo. Nokuba umntu wokuqala wadibana nezinto ezisebenza kwengqondo kufutshane nexesha le-Neolithic, uthi, amava okungena kwimeko yokuqonda etshintshileyo anokuthi atshintshe uluntu lube ngcono.

"Umfanekiso oza namava engqondo ngumxholo ohamba kubugcisa bakudala, ngoko ke ndiqinisekile ukuba amava engqondo kunye nezinye iindlela, ezifana nomdaniso kunye nomculo, zazisetyenziswa ngookhokho bethu bokuqala ukukhulisa ingqondo, eyathi ke yenza lula ngokomoya, ubugcisa, namayeza,” utshilo.

I-Stoned Ape hypothesis ngoku ingalahleka kwiimbali zenzululwazi, kodwa intsalela yelifa layo ihleli. Ngoku njengoko izazinzulu ziyiqonda ngcono indlela i-psilocybin echaphazela ngayo ingqondo, banokuphanda ngokunzulu amandla ayo okunyanga ukuphazamiseka okunje. ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, ukuxhalaba, kunye nokudakumba. Ukuba oko kwenzeka - kwaye kubonakala ngathi kuya kuba njalo - i-psilocybin iya kuba yinxalenye yenkcubeko eqhelekileyo njenge-arhente yotshintsho oluhle. Kwaye ayisiyiyo le nto uMcKenna wayeyikhuthaza?

Mhlawumbi asisoze sazi ukuba amakhowa omlingo abanceda njani abantu bokuqala. Kodwa akukho mathandabuzo ukuba baya kuba negalelo kwimpilo yabantu banamhlanje njengoko siqhubeka nendlela yethu yendaleko engaqhelekanga.